Shortly after his inauguration, Bush ordered a review of the current National Institutes of Health (NIH) policy, which allows the funding of
embryonic stem cell studies as long as researchers receive the cells from privately funded researchers who have derived them in accord with a set of ethical guidelines (ScienceNOW, 23 August 2000).
Continued support for biomedical research, and opposition to human
embryonic stem cell studies.
Not exact matches
However,
embryonic stem cells remain the «gold standard,» and
studies of all types of
stem cells should continue in parallel for the foreseeable future.»
In a
study in the journal Science, researchers explain how they used mouse
embryonic stem cells and microchip technology to create heart muscle tissue that actually beats.
The
study results were found using mouse
embryonic stem cells, which are good
cell models for the
study of processes seen in human
stem cells.
Although the U.S. government puts stringent restrictions on funding for research on
embryonic stem cells, individual states such as California have set up institutes to perform that work and general
stem cell studies.
«I think this is the best option we have ever had,» says Renee Reijo Pera, director of Stanford University's Center for Human
Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Education in California, who wasn't involved in the
study.
Some of the researchers at the centre will
study the differentiation of
stem cells into other
cell types, one group by using human
embryonic stem cell biology and another by
studying early embryo development.
For example, animal
studies have shown that neurons derived in the lab from human
embryonic stem cells improve Parkinson's symptoms; however, any residual
stem cells associated with those neurons could form masses of unwanted
cells.
There have also been safety concerns confronting all hESC
studies, including worries that the
embryonic stem cells could proliferate out of control.
The only previous demonstration — by researchers led by Shou - Wei Ding, PhD, a professor of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at UC Riverside and co-corresponding author of the current
study — was done in
embryonic stem cells and in newborn mice.
To see whether cancer
stem cell renewal involves a chain of events similar to that used by
embryonic stem cells, and whether the process was affected by oxygen levels, Semenza and graduate student Chuanzhao Zhang focused their
studies on two human breast cancer
cell lines that responded to low oxygen by ramping up production of the protein ALKBH5, which removes methyl groups from mRNAs.
The disease model, described in a new
study by a UC San Francisco - led team, involves taking skin
cells from patients with the bone disease, reprogramming them in a lab dish to their
embryonic state, and deriving
stem cells from them.
Studies of
embryonic stem cells revealed that NANOG protein levels can be lowered by a chemical process known as methylation, which involves putting a methyl group chemical tag on a protein's messenger RNA (mRNA) precursor.
Partially paralyzed rodents walk almost normally after human
embryonic or fetal brain
stem cells repaired their spinal cord injuries in recent
studies.
Mouse
embryonic stem cells, reported in 1981 by Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman, and Gail Martin, have allowed scientists to generate genetically customized strains of mice that have revolutionized
studies of organismic development and immunity and have provided countless models of human disease.
Importantly, researchers must still
study existing
embryonic stem cell lines — the gold standard — to rule out any hidden risks in the lab - made
cells, he says.
«Use of induced pluripotent
stem cell (iPSC) technology» — which involves taking skin
cells from patients and reprogramming them into
embryonic - like
stem cells capable of turning into other specific
cell types relevant for
studying a particular disease — «makes it possible to model dementias that affect people later in life,» says senior
study author Catherine Verfaillie of KU Leuven.
«It's just presumed that they have fewer capabilities than
embryonic stem cells,» says Bill Lowry, a coauthor of the
study.
The
study, which followed four individuals for a year after they were treated with
embryonic stem cell - derived retinal pigment epithelial
cells for macular degeneration, observed no serious side effects (tumor growth or other unexpected effects) related to the therapy.
This
study provides experimental evidence which shows the important role of RNA levels in the controlling the fate of
embryonic stem cells, and shows an understanding of RNA's ability to differentiate
stem cells at the molecular level.
The new approach builds on information gleaned from developmental
studies of
embryonic stem cells (see story # 16) and one day may be used to create healthy replacements for harmed or diseased tissue.
Because fertilized human embryos are far more accessible than unfertilized eggs, which can not be frozen and stored, extending the result to humans could lower the practical barriers against creating human
embryonic stem cells to
study and potentially treat disease.
Eva Mezey, a
stem cell biologist at the National Institutes of Health who published one of the transdifferentiation
studies and stands by the effect, notes that
embryonic cells are naturally more versatile than adult
stem cells.
In a response to Friday's decision, NIH spokesperson John Burklow said NIH doesn't set aside fixed amounts of money for
studying adult or
embryonic stem cells, but instead makes award decisions based on scientific merit and relevance to NIH's priorities.
«New tools to
study the origin of
embryonic stem cells.»
Goldman's work builds on previous
studies that explored the developmental cues involved in directing an
embryonic stem cell to become a functioning neuron.
«We
studied how the Sox2 gene is turned on in mice, and found the region of the genome that is needed to turn the gene on in
embryonic stem cells,» said Professor Jennifer Mitchell of U of T's Department of
Cell and Systems Biology, lead invesigator of a
study published in the December 15 issue of Genes & Development.
This discovery by the scientists at the CRG provides an insight into
stem cell - forming molecular mechanisms, and is therefore of great interest for
studies on the early stages of life, during
embryonic development.
Thorough
study of changes in the gene activity regulation mechanism showed that reprogrammed and
embryonic stem cells are similar.
The lead author of the Minnesota
study, Yuehua Jiang, counters that the same reservations apply to
embryonic stem cells: «Are they cultured naturally?»
A new
study in Nature Genetics identifies a specific population of pluripotent
embryonic stem cells that can reprogram to totipotent - like
cells in culture.
UC announced yesterday that it is the first research institution to seek to «intervene,» or become a party in the case, in which the government is appealing a lower court's ruling that National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding to
study human
embryonic stem cells (hESCs) violates federal law.
«
Studies on
embryonic development greatly benefit from the culture system of
embryonic stem cells and, more recently, induced pluripotent
stem cells.
Although Morrison doesn't
study embryonic stem cells — his area is adult
stem cells, including how they develop into cancer
cells — he pushed for a 2008 ballot proposal in Michigan that overturned a law restricting hESC research.
Studying mouse
embryonic stem cells, they removed Grb2, a protein essential to the ability of the
stem cell to transform into other
cell types, from the
cells.
John Gearhart, a
stem cell researcher at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, says the
study «appears to be the best so far» at offering a potential alternative to human
embryonic stem cells.
The
study, published today in the journal
Cell Stem Cell and led by Dr. Shunsuke Ishii from RIKEN, sought to identify the molecule in the mammalian oocyte that induces the complete reprograming of the genome leading to the generation of totipotent embryonic stem ce
Stem Cell and led by Dr. Shunsuke Ishii from RIKEN, sought to identify the molecule in the mammalian oocyte that induces the complete reprograming of the genome leading to the generation of totipotent
embryonic stem ce
stem cells.
In a series of
studies published since 2009, researchers in Wells» laboratory used human pluripotent
stem cells (hPSCs) to grow
embryonic - stage small intestines with a functioning nervous system, and the antrum and fundus regions of the human stomach.
Expanding from their previous
studies with mice, the researchers first established that under specific conditions, culturing human
embryonic stem cells with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) leads to neural differentiation particular to the midbrain / hindbrain region — the location of the cerebellum — within three weeks, and the expression of markers for the cerebellar plate neuroepithelium — the part of the developing nervous system specific for the cerebellum — within five.
New
study shows that adult skin
cells made to differentiate like
embryonic stem cells may reverse neurological damage
Other potential uses of
embryonic stem cells include investigation of early human development,
study of genetic disease and as in vitro systems for toxicology testing.
The
study results, published in the journal
Cell, revolve around iPSCs, which since their 2006 discovery have enabled researchers to coax mature (fully differentiated) bodily
cells (e.g. skin
cells) to become like
embryonic stem cells.
The
study, «Directed network wiring identifies a key protein interaction in
embryonic stem cell differentiation,» was supported by the National Institutes of Health.
Adult and
embryonic stem cells are complementary subjects of research and
studying them side by side offers the greatest potential to rapidly generate new therapies.
The answer to this question comes from the lab of Marcel Leist (University of Konstanz, Germany) and their
studies employing a defined and controllable in vitro system of post-mitotic murine astrocytes generated from
embryonic stem cells (mAGES)[1].
What Collins does not say, however, is that the new NIH guidelines also allow for federal funds to be used in
studying new human
embryonic stem cell lines that are created (by private entities, of course) beyond the 700 currently in existence.
Initial analyses by Matson et al. confirmed that the
embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent
stem cells (iPSCs) under
study indeed displayed naturally short G1 phases.
Researchers at UCLA treat the first patients in the second FDA - approved
study evaluating a therapy made from human
embryonic stem cells.
Yamanaka and Takahashi began their search by
studying embryonic stem cells in the hope of identifying the genes that underlie essential
stem cell characteristics, such as pluripotency and proliferation, a
cell's ability to replicate itself.