Sentences with phrase «emission fluxes in»

Not exact matches

De Blasio has sought to position New York City as a leader in the fight against climate change, but even as he has committed to quickly come up with an aggressive plan to further reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, the agency that is supposed to lead that effort is in flux.

In addition, when correlations were constrained to the time period that satellite burned area observations were available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)(2001 - 2012), and thus where estimates of land - use change carbon emissions were more certain2, correlations between fire weather season length, long fire season affected area and net land carbon fluxes increased substantially to ρ = − 0.797 and ρ = − 0.825, respectively, n = 12, P < 0.01).

New shipboard direct sampling methods for air - sea CH4 exchange will enable researchers to better quantify marine fluxes and will help the community address disparities in marine CH4 emissions estimates among different regions [Thornton et al., 2016].

In the second research line, he works on the various effects that the high - energy fluxes and particle emissions of stars have on their orbiting planets.

Starting in the 1960's at the Mt. Wilson Observatory O.C. Wilson (sic) began a long - term study of magnetic cycles in cool stars using as his observational indicator the variable emission flux of the H and K resonance lines of ionized calcium whose appearance in emission is characteristic of stellar chromospheres.

The majority of these systems are unresolved and analysis of the dust properties is limited by the lack of information regarding the dust location.vThe Herschel DUNES key program is observing 133 nearby, Sun - like stars (< 20 pc, FGK spectral type) in a volume limited survey to constrain the absolute incidence of cold dust around these stars by detection of far infrared excess emission at flux levels comparable to the Edgeworth - Kuiper belt (EKB).

We clearly resolved point sources and the Galactic diffuse emission, and found that ~ 90 % of the flux observed in our field of view originates from diffuse emission.

We have detected, as well as strong diffuse emission, 274 new point X-ray sources (4 sigma confidence) within two partially overlapping fields (~ 250 arcmin ^ 2 in total) down to the flux limit ~ 3 x 10 ^ -LCB--1... ▽ More Using the Chandra ACIS - I instruments, we have carried out a deep X-ray observation on the Galactic plane region at (l, b) ~ (28.5, 0.0), where no discrete X-ray sources have been known previously.

We have detected, as well as strong diffuse emission, 274 new point X-ray sources (4 sigma confidence) within two partially overlapping fields (~ 250 arcmin ^ 2 in total) down to the flux limit ~ 3 x 10 ^ -LCB--15 -RCB- $ erg s ^ -LCB--1 -RCB- cm ^ -LCB--2 -RCB-(2 — 10 keV) and ~ 7 x 10 ^ -LCB--16 -RCB- erg s ^ -LCB--1 -RCB- cm ^ -LCB--2 -RCB-(0.5 — 2 keV).

Methane is a short - lived gas in the atmosphere, so to make it rise, the emission flux has to continually increase.

Pinatubo brought a 12 % decrease in solar UV flux [Dlugokencky et al., 1996], decreasing OH, while fires, in particular the Indonesian fire in 1991, bring an increase in CO and CH4 emissions, which can also deplete OH [Butler et al., 2005].

Certainly high methane concentrations indicate emission fluxes, but it's not straightforward to know how significant that flux is in the global budget.

[Response: I put them together in part to make the point that the emission fluxes from each paper are about the same.

Since emission in the stratosphere (and above) goes up with increasing CO2, there is a clear flux divergence in the CO2 band (more out, less in) and so there is cooling.

The spatial patterns of our emission fluxes and observed methane — propane correlations indicate that fossil fuel extraction and refining are major contributors (45 ± 13 %) in the south - central United States.»

Karelin et al (2017) «Human footprints on greenhouse gas fluxes in cryogenic ecosystems» This paper presents no evidence on the subject being concerned with direct human impacts on CH4 emissions (which it says will result in a decrease in CH4 emissions).

The authors report very high fluxes associated with a small set of wells in southwest Pennsylvania, while finding «little or no emission» from other wells in a larger area.

Temperature tends to respond so that, depending on optical properties, LW emission will tend to reduce the vertical differential heating by cooling warmer parts more than cooler parts (for the surface and atmosphere); also (not significant within the atmosphere and ocean in general, but significant at the interface betwen the surface and the air, and also significant (in part due to the small heat fluxes involved, viscosity in the crust and somewhat in the mantle (where there are thick boundary layers with superadiabatic lapse rates) and thermal conductivity of the core) in parts of the Earth's interior) temperature changes will cause conduction / diffusion of heat that partly balances the differential heating.

Refraction, specifically the real component of refraction n (describes bending of rays, wavelength changes relative to a vacuum, affects blackbody fluxes and intensities — as opposed to the imaginary component, which is related to absorption and emission) is relatively unimportant to shaping radiant fluxes through the atmosphere on Earth (except on the small scale processes where it (along with difraction, reflection) gives rise to scattering, particularly of solar radiation — in that case, the effect on the larger scale can be described by scattering properties, the emergent behavior).

- The cold upper troposphere affects the flux coming up from the troposphere + surface, so the shorter wavelengths have less influence in both absorption and emission within the stratosphere).

The skin layer planet is optically very thin, so it doesn't affect the OLR significantly, but (absent direct solar heating) the little bit of the radiant flux (approximatly equal to the OLR) from below that it absorbs must be (at equilibrium) balanced by emission, which will be both downward and upward, so the flux emitted in either direction is only half of what was absorbed from below; via Kirchhoff's Law, the temperature must be smaller than the brightness temperature of the OLR (for a grey gas, Tskin ^ 4 ~ = (Te ^ 4) / 2, where Te is the effective radiating temperature for the planet, equal to the brightness temperature of the OLR — *** HOWEVER, see below ***).

In general, so long as there is some solar heating beneath some level, there must be a net LW + convective heat flux upward at that level to balance it in equilibrium; convection tends to require some nonzero temperature decline with height, and a net upward LW flux requires either that the temperature declines with height on the scale of photon paths (from emission to absorption), or else requires at least a partial «veiw» of space, which can be blocked by increasing optical thickness above that leveIn general, so long as there is some solar heating beneath some level, there must be a net LW + convective heat flux upward at that level to balance it in equilibrium; convection tends to require some nonzero temperature decline with height, and a net upward LW flux requires either that the temperature declines with height on the scale of photon paths (from emission to absorption), or else requires at least a partial «veiw» of space, which can be blocked by increasing optical thickness above that levein equilibrium; convection tends to require some nonzero temperature decline with height, and a net upward LW flux requires either that the temperature declines with height on the scale of photon paths (from emission to absorption), or else requires at least a partial «veiw» of space, which can be blocked by increasing optical thickness above that level.

The ability of a band to shape the temperature profile of the whole atmosphere should tend to be maximum at intermediate optical thicknesses (for a given band width), because at small optical thicknesses, the amounts of emission and absorption within any layer will be small relative to what happens in other bands, while at large optical thicknesses, the net fluxes will tend to go to zero (except near TOA and, absent convection, the surface) and will be insensitive to changes in the temperature profile (except near TOA), thus allowing other bands greater control over the temperature profile (depending on wavelength — greater influence for bands with larger bandwidths at wavelengths closer to the peak wavelength — which will depend on temperature and thus vary with height.

The first is basically that mentioned by Greg Simpson in point 7; the seasonal flux in biomass seems to exceed the background rate of change of CO2 in the atmosphere by a large enough factor that it probably exceeds the total emissions.

Observations in the tropical Atlantic ocean (11) show that the clear sky downwelling infrared flux incident on the surface (Fa ---RRB- also increases faster than the surface emission with increasing SST.

So in our time ice is experiencing a similar forcing, but with more longwave flux, less shortwave — although we also have the dubious benefit of anthropogenic black carbon emissions.

Celis et al., 2017 combined six years of eddy covariance flux tower data and soil respiration chambers and found that a moist tundra site was a source of carbon to the atmosphere, but much of the net source arises from the slow, but continuous emissions in winter.

Figure of 400 ppm calculated using fossil fuel emissions from G. Marland et al., «Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2007), and land use change emissions from R. A. Houghton and J. L. Hackler, «Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land - Use Changes,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2002), with decay curve cited in J. Hansen et al., «Dangerous Human - Made Interference with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study,» Atmospheric Chemistry and Physemissions from G. Marland et al., «Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emissions,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2007), and land use change emissions from R. A. Houghton and J. L. Hackler, «Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land - Use Changes,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2002), with decay curve cited in J. Hansen et al., «Dangerous Human - Made Interference with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study,» Atmospheric Chemistry and PhysEmissions,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2007), and land use change emissions from R. A. Houghton and J. L. Hackler, «Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land - Use Changes,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2002), with decay curve cited in J. Hansen et al., «Dangerous Human - Made Interference with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study,» Atmospheric Chemistry and Physemissions from R. A. Houghton and J. L. Hackler, «Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land - Use Changes,» in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change (Oak Ridge, TN: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2002), with decay curve cited in J. Hansen et al., «Dangerous Human - Made Interference with Climate: A GISS ModelE Study,» Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.

For example: Out — In = Net flux — > 772Gt — 778Gt = -6 Gt of CO2 from the atmosphere naturally... now, with human emissions: 772Gt + 29Gt — 778Gt = +23 Gt to the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gas emissions in peatlands are made up of mostly carbon dioxide, but methane and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes are also present.

The calculation of carbon fluxes due to forest and grassland conversion is in many ways the most complex of the emissions inventories components, because responses of biological systems vary over different time - scales.

«In addition, we are currently developing a method that also allows for high - precision hydrogen isotopic measurements on methane in ice cores, which will further improve our emission flux constraints,» revealed FischeIn addition, we are currently developing a method that also allows for high - precision hydrogen isotopic measurements on methane in ice cores, which will further improve our emission flux constraints,» revealed Fischein ice cores, which will further improve our emission flux constraints,» revealed Fischer.

Because emission flux measurements were not possible at the time for OSCs, we chose to estimate fluxes of OSCs from agricultural activities in the SoCAB by simultaneously measuring OSC and NH3 ambient concentrations adjacent to a cattle feedlot in Chino, California (SI Appendix, sections 1 and 2) before dawn to avoid photochemistry.

New shipboard direct sampling methods for air - sea CH4 exchange will enable researchers to better quantify marine fluxes and will help the community address disparities in marine CH4 emissions estimates among different regions [Thornton et al., 2016].

Ongoing changes in land components, including the appearance of new lakes and the disappearance of older water bodies as subsurface permafrost erodes and opens new drainage passages, can substantially affect localized CH4 fluxes and further complicate regional emission mapping.

So the increase in CO2 flux due to temperature is the same order of magnitude as anthropogenic emissions.

Their study was based on a spring pulse in northern Alaska that they documented in 2014 that included CO2 emissions equivalent to 46 percent of the net CO2 that is absorbed in the summer months and methane emissions that added 6 percent to summer fluxes.

The «pollution paradigm» of climate change limits the opportunities for addressing or solving the issue, in part because fossil fuel emissions make up such a small fraction of the annual flux of CO2 into the atmosphere (less than 3 %).

But in today's world, the greatly increased partial pressure of CO2 from fossil fuel emissions causes a flux of CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans.

It changes because of greenhouse gases, cloud and ice cover changes, land clearing, volcanoes, dust and soot in the atmosphere — all of the physical changes that result in a change in the radiative flux leaving the planet either as IR (heat) emissions or as reflected sunlight.

MattyB; we DO N'T know the human emissions; we don't know how much is coming from land clearing; I've seen no studies which compare the CO2 uptake of new crops compared to established forest, or anything conclusive about cyanobacteria which are potentially one of the biggest and most living fluctuating sinks and which extent seems to be correlated with ACO2 emissions; and as Louis Hissinck noted, perhaps the biggest sink, ocean / mantle recycling is not considered in any discussion on CO2 / ACO2 flux.

Given that the effect of human emission (positive flux) and remediation (negative flux) is distributed over the entire planet and multiple years, small differences in spacial location or time within the year will make no more difference than differences in the larger natural sources and sinks.

Given the importance of CH4 ebullition to overall CH4 fluxes, we only use CH4 emission estimates that incorporate both ebullition and diffusion in further sections of this article (i.e., to estimate the magnitude and controls on fluxes).

Therefore, we argue for inclusion of GHG fluxes from reservoir surfaces in future IPCC budgets and other inventories of anthropogenic GHG emissions.

The higher mean CH4 emissions reported here are likely due to the exclusion of diffusive - only estimates and a preponderance of high CH4 flux estimates in the recent literature.

CH4 constituted the majority of CO2 equivalent emissions from reservoirs, and the per area reservoir CH4 fluxes reported in this synthesis are higher than per area fluxes for any other aquatic ecosystem (table 1).

Since that influential review appeared, and in part because of the attention it generated, researchers have quantified GHG fluxes from more than 200 additional reservoirs, and have synthesized regional emissions (Demarty and Bastien 2011, Li et al. 2015) and emissions from particular types of reservoirs (i.e., hydroelectric; Barros et al. 2011, Hertwich 2013) paving the way for a new synthesis of global reservoir GHG emissions.

The flux estimates presented in previous sections use available estimates from every reservoir where GHG emissions have been reported (and mean estimates from reservoirs where multiple studies or years of data have been collected), but it is important to note that the spatial and temporal coverage of these emission estimates are highly variable.

The estimate of global reservoir GHG emissions presented here is calculated on the basis of the product of bootstrapped estimates of mean areal GHG fluxes and best estimates of global reservoir surface area (as was done in a recent estimate of global methane emissions from streams and rivers, Stanley et al. 2016).

Although turnover data from reservoir systems is extremely sparse (but see Bastien et al. 2011, Demarty et al. 2011, Beaulieu et al. 2014), in lakes, turnover flux may account for an average of 35 % (and a range of less than 1 % to 70 %) of annual CH4 emissions, with the highest contribution from small systems (Michmerhuizen et al. 1996, Bastviken et al. 2004, Jammet et al. 2015).