Sentences with phrase «emission rates models»

«At current emission rates models suggest that all coral reefs and polar ecosystems will be severely affected by 2050 or potentially even earlier,» they wrote.

Not exact matches

But new models show that at the current rates of greenhouse gas emissions, warming seas will push these foraging grounds much farther south.

To be more specific, the models project that over the next 20 years, for a range of plausible emissions, the global temperature will increase at an average rate of about 0.2 degree C per decade, close to the observed rate over the past 30 years.

New results challenge the existing paradigm that late model diesel cars are associated, in general, with far higher PM emission rates.

Computer models peg ocean acidity at 7.8 to 7.7 by the end of the century at the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions.

«Our model assumes «business as usual» in the province, with high carbon emissions and climate change continuing at the current rate.

CO2 growth rates (CEI, p. 11): arguments about what growth rates for CO2 emissions that some models use are besides the point of what the science says about the climate sensitivity of the earth system (emissions growth rates are if anything an economic question).

We present models for two objects, with mass accretion rates differing by almost two orders of magnitude, to illustrate the effects of accretion on the overall disk structure and emission.

A long - term experiment revealed that growth declined and individual branches were damaged when the water was undersaturated with aragonite (Ω < 1)-- a condition that could be achieved in 2100, according to model calculations of the IPCC in case emissions continue to develop at current rates.

Moreover, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory was able to detect all three types of neutrinos directly, and found that the Sun's total neutrino emission rate agreed with the Standard Solar Model, although only one - third of the neutrinos seen at Earth were of the electron type.

Differences in how a model represents space and time scales, emission rates, meteorology, gas - phase chemistry, and other aerosol processes all affect model predictions.

«Although none of the present models is fully satisfactory, neutral gas emission through water loss by Deimos at a rate of about 1023 molecules per second, combined with a charged dust coma, is favored.»

«Although none of the present models is fully satisfactory, neutral gas emission through water loss by Deimos at a rate of about 10

Standard features on all models include start - stop, braking - energy recuperation, and a Euro -6-plus emission rating.

The 1971 model had a respectable 315 hp (235 kW), but that was reduced to a mere 205 hp (153 kW) by the 1976 model year; increasingly stringent exhaust emission limits reduced engine output, and an industry - wide 1972 change in rating systems reduced the horsepower numbers produced by any given engine.

Horsepower ratings continued to drop, not only due to lower compression and tighter emissions controls but, beginning with the 1972 model year, a switch from gross (on dynamometer) to net ratings based on an engine in an actual vehicle with all accessories installed.

Strengths of this model include luxury options, excellent powertrain warranty, available Uconnect technology, tow ratings up to 30,000 pounds, Best - in - class features across multiple categories, and impressive powertrain offerings, 6 Speakers, Black Side Windows Trim And Black Front Windshield Trim, Clearcoat Paint, Full - Size Spare Tire Stored Underbody W / Crankdown, Variable Intermittent Wipers, Fully Galvanized Steel Panels, Black Front Bumper W / 2 Tow Hooks, Fully Automatic Aero - Composite Halogen Headlamps W / Delay - Off, Wheels: 18 X 8.0 Steel, Deep Tinted Glass, Steel Spare Wheel, Front Bumper Sight Shields, Interior Trim - Inc: Deluxe Sound Insulation, Metal - Look Instrument Panel Insert, Chrome And Metal - Look Interior Accents, Manual Adjustable Front Head Restraints And Manual Adjustable Rear Head Restraints, Systems Monitor, Cruise Control W / Steering Wheel Controls, Manual Tilt Steering Column, 40/20/40 Split Bench Seat, 4 - Way Passenger Seat - Inc: Manual Recline And Fore / Aft Movement, Power Door Locks W / Autolock Feature, Manual Air Conditioning, Full Cloth Headliner, Engine: 5.7 L V8 Hemi Vvt, Part - Time Four - Wheel Drive, Auto Locking Hubs, 730Cca Maintenance - Free Battery W / Run Down Protection, Single Stainless Steel Exhaust, Front Anti-Roll Bar, Multi-Link Front Suspension W / Coil Springs, 4390 # Maximum Payload, 50 State Emissions, Gvwr: 11, 300 Lbs, Transmission: 6 - Speed Automatic 66Rfe, Mechanical Limited Slip Differential, Class V Towing W / Harness, Hitch And Trailer Sway Control, Leaf Rear Suspension W / Leaf Springs, Manual Transfer Case, 3.73 Rear Axle Ratio, Hd Shock Absorbers, Electronically Controlled Throttle, 32 Gal.

That rating appeared in published 1973 model year Pontiac literature, which had been printed prior to the «pre-production» engines «barely passing» emissions testing, and the last minute switch to what became the production engine.

Power for the basic Corolla sedan came from the same 1.6 - liter engine used in the sixth - generation car (output was 105 hp, except in California, Massachusetts and New York, where it was rated for just 100 due to more stringent emissions requirements), but a new 1.8 - liter, DOHC, 16 - valve four making 115 horsepower was offered in the ritzier Corolla DX and LE models.

It's an expensive model, but if your company - car allowance will stretch to it, its low 48g / km claimed CO2 emissions result in a low 12 % BiK rate — a big saving in company - car tax compared to other models in the range.

Despite its turbocharged pedigree the new model earns a 3 - star rating for emissions that are 50 % lower than the requirements of the Japanese 2005 standards.

Emissions in all 50 states are rated as ULEV - 2, an improvement from the ULEV - 1 emission standard on the 2005 model.

CO2 emissions and BiK ratings are the same for both models, as is a pricey group 37 insurance rating.

The emissions rating hasn't been published for the 2009 Corolla as of this review, although previous year models have only met the minimum LEV II requirement.

Touting more power and better acceleration than the conventional non-hybrid model, fuel economy ratings have not yet been announced but will be favourable to those looking to reduce emissions and save at the fuel pump.

Fuel economy specs haven't yet been revealed, although Lexus does state that the new model engines have been «tuned in anticipation of high fuel economy ratings and low carbon emissions.»

The 1.5 - litre dCi 90 diesel Captur is the most economical model and while Renault hasn't released fuel economy figures yet for the 2018 version, CO2 emissions of 138g / km give it a 32 % Benefit - in - Kind (BiK) rating for company - car drivers.

Lightning Systems, a global developer of zero - emissions solutions for commercial fleets, is taking its new Ford Transit LightningElectric model (earlier post) on the road, showcasing the recently released vehicle efficiency ratings of 61 MPGe on in - town routes and 66 MPGe on highway.

This kind of forecast doesn't depend too much on the models at all — it is mainly related to the climate sensitivity which can be constrained independently of the models (i.e. via paleo - climate data), moderated by the thermal inertia of the oceans and assuming the (very likely) continuation of CO2 emissions at present or accelerated rates.

Rate of percentage annual growth for carbon dioxide has certainly increased since the beginning of the 21st century, but this should result in a significant change in the rate of warming any more quickly than the differences between emission scenarios would, and there (according to the models) the differences aren't significant for the first thirty - some years but progressively become more pronounced from then on — given the cummulative effects of accumulated carbon dioxRate of percentage annual growth for carbon dioxide has certainly increased since the beginning of the 21st century, but this should result in a significant change in the rate of warming any more quickly than the differences between emission scenarios would, and there (according to the models) the differences aren't significant for the first thirty - some years but progressively become more pronounced from then on — given the cummulative effects of accumulated carbon dioxrate of warming any more quickly than the differences between emission scenarios would, and there (according to the models) the differences aren't significant for the first thirty - some years but progressively become more pronounced from then on — given the cummulative effects of accumulated carbon dioxide.

Paper:: Future studies using integrated assessment models and other climate simulations should include more realistic deforestation rates and the integration of policy that would reduce LULCC emissions.

The important input to Hansen's model was the total forcing from greenhouse gasses, but Pielke ignores this to focus on the growth rate of emissions of each gas.

This research, which was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Swiss National Science Foundation, is the first time that summer heat and its dependence on the rate of greenhouse gas emissions have been studied in a climate model simulation.

First, the original emission rates of SO2 and H2SO4 (3 % of total anthropogenic SO2 emitted) in the model (including emissions, boundary conditions, and initial conditions) were decreased by a factor of 4 compared with the 2005 base case to be consistent with the decrease in measured ambient SO2 concentrations since 2005 (SI Appendix, section 1 and Fig.

It may be worth considering that if climate models are underplaying the actual amount of Arctic sea ice loss, and if Arctic sea ice loss is a positive feedback on global temperature, then, the observed rate of Arctic sea ice loss ought to be applying a warming pressure over and above that from greenhouse gas emissions.

The default inputs for population growth rate, GDP per capita growth rate, emissions intensity per capita, fossil fuel reserves, etc. are variables in the model and people who are competent at driving these models can change them.

Ferdinand: Nothing to do with models, pure observations: The measured sink rate is about 45 % of the emissions over the past 110 years (coincidence or not).

Models predict that the same summertime temperatures that ranked among the top 5 % in 1950 — 1979 will occur at least 70 % of the time by 2035 — 2064 in the U.S. if global emissions of greenhouse gases grow at a moderate rate (as modeled under the IPCC SRES A2 scenario).

Nothing to do with models, pure observations: The measured sink rate is about 45 % of the emissions over the past 110 years (coincidence or not).

Their CO2 emission «scenarios», for example, are based on economic models that don't conform to the UN's own standard economic methodologies (for example, using currency exchange rates instead of purchasing power parity).

Lam and team used climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to examine the economic impacts of climate change on fish stocks and fisheries revenues under two different emissions scenarios: a high - emission scenario, in which the rates at which greenhouse gases are pumped into the Earth's atmosphere continue to rise unchecked, and a low - emission scenario under which ocean warming is kept below two degrees Celsius.

May 10 (UPI)-- A new model tracks oil and gas extraction rates and how they impact the ability of major fossil fuel producers to meet global emission reduction targets.

The loud divergence between sea - level reality and climate change theory — the climate models predict an accelerated sea - level rise driven by the anthropogenic CO2 emission — has been also evidenced in other works such as Boretti (2012a, b), Boretti and Watson (2012), Douglas (1992), Douglas and Peltier (2002), Fasullo et al. (2016), Jevrejeva et al. (2006), Holgate (2007), Houston and Dean (2011), Mörner 2010a, b, 2016), Mörner and Parker (2013), Scafetta (2014), Wenzel and Schröter (2010) and Wunsch et al. (2007) reporting on the recent lack of any detectable acceleration in the rate of sea - level rise.

Climatologists differ on the various causes of climate change, the rate at which the earth is warming, the effect of man - made emissions on warming, the most accurate climate data and temperature sets to use, and the accuracy of climate models projecting decades and centuries into the future.

Yet, despite the fact that the models systematically overstate the costs of cutting emissions, they consistently produce estimates of reductions in economic growth rates that are, by any standard, minuscule.

Complicated economic models have been used to estimate the effects of cutting emissions on growth rates.

«Using the model optimization technique presented in this study, we find a weighted mean natural gas emission rate from unconventional production and gathering facilities of 0.36 % of production with a 2σ confidence interval from 0.27 to 0.45 % of production.

However, there remains uncertainty in the rate of sea ice loss, with the models that most accurately project historical sea ice trends currently suggesting nearly ice - free conditions sometime between 2021 and 2043 (median 2035).12 Uncertainty across all models stems from a combination of large differences in projections among different climate models, natural climate variability, and uncertainty about future rates of fossil fuel emissions.

«Climate science» as it is used by warmists implies adherence to a set of beliefs: (1) Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations will warm the Earth's surface and atmosphere; (2) Human production of CO2 is producing significant increases in CO2 concentration; (3) The rate of rise of temperature in the 20th and 21st centuries is unprecedented compared to the rates of change of temperature in the previous two millennia and this can only be due to rising greenhouse gas concentrations; (4) The climate of the 19th century was ideal and may be taken as a standard to compare against any current climate; (5) global climate models, while still not perfect, are good enough to indicate that continued use of fossil fuels at projected rates in the 21st century will cause the CO2 concentration to rise to a high level by 2100 (possibly 700 to 900 ppm); (6) The global average temperature under this condition will rise more than 3 °C from the late 19th century ideal; (7) The negative impact on humanity of such a rise will be enormous; (8) The only alternative to such a disaster is to immediately and sharply reduce CO2 emissions (reducing emissions in 2050 by 80 % compared to today's rate) and continue further reductions after 2050; (9) Even with such draconian CO2 reductions, the CO2 concentration is likely to reach at least 450 to 500 ppm by 2100 resulting in significant damage to humanity; (10) Such reductions in CO2 emissions are technically feasible and economically affordable while providing adequate energy to a growing world population that is increasingly industrializing.

JimD, «This slower rate of warming — relative to climate model projections — means there is less urgency to phase out greenhouse gas emissions now»