Sentences with phrase «emissions factors of»

Conversion of German generation data to Specific Carbon Intensity uses emissions factors of 1150g, 900g, 369 g, and 983 g of CO2 per KWh for lignite (brown coal), hard coal, natural gas, and biomass respectively.

«As for all electric vehicles, a grid emission factor of 0.5 g CO2 / Wh was also applied to the electric energy consumption.

We convert energy content to carbon content using emission factors of Table 4.2 of [15] for coal, gas and conventional oil, and, also following [15], emission factor of unconventional oil is approximated as being the same as for coal.

We convert energy content to carbon content using emission factors of Table 4.2 of [15] for coal, gas and conventional oil, and, also following [15], emission factor of unconventional oil is approximated as being the same as for coal.

The U.S. - based Natural Resources Defense Council and a Jacobs Consultancy study commissioned by the Alberta Government each suggest a wells - to - wheels emissions factor of approximately 0.6 t CO2e / bbl for oilsands.

2Examples of previously published emission factors include, in pounds of carbon dioxide per million Btu, single emission factors of 205.7 in «United States Emissions of Carbon Dioxide to the Earth's Atmosphere,» Energy Systems Policy, Vol.

Not exact matches

These factors allow the firm to analyze things like hours of operation, transportation coverage, reliability, efforts to lower emissions and congestion, and average time spent commuting.

Coal remains cheaper, but when you factor in the reduced capital cost (gas plants cost between a quarter and a third what coal plants of equivalent output do), the life - cycle costs point to gas, even in the absence of a price on carbon emissions.

An article published this week in Nature Climate Change (article via Nature paywall) is making the rounds of the headlines because it makes some pretty bold claims — namely that the US State Department under - estimated the emissions impact of the Keystone XL pipeline by up to a factor of four.

It produces this estimate for emissions from all upstream transportation and distribution primarily using data collected from its third - party logistics coordinators and EPA emission factors; only 7 % of emissions are from «primary data.»

NEC collected or estimated megawatt hour («MWh») generation data for each portfolio project and used region - specific eGRID emissions factors maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to determine the greenhouse gas («GHG») intensity of each MWh offset by its investments.

Combining the generation data, project location, and eGRID emissions factor, NEC estimated the amount of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide (measured together as metric tons of CO2 Eq.)

The emissions maths factored in the carbon cost of producing and processing ingredients, as well as how they were packaged, transported and cooked.

«The emissions factors used by Fonterra, FrieslandCampina and Arla are indeed less than the emissions factors provided by the FAO's GLEAM for their regions of production,» they continued.

The reality is that the monitoring sites located further away from the airport are failing to meet EU limits, and this is due to a variety of factors — but it is non-airport related traffic which is the most significant emissions source.

Today's construction industry is more environmentally - conscious than ever, and the amount of CO2 emissions released by vehicles is a significant factor in deciding which ones to use during an assignment.

And many analysts view gas as a growing piece of a puzzle of policy and economic factors that could keep U.S. carbon emissions in check through 2035.

In this study, we created new per - animal emissions factors — that is measures of the average amount of CH4 discharged by animals into the atmosphere — and new estimates of global livestock methane emissions.»

Emissions of carbon dioxide are changing the climate and natural factors like clouds may not help

«There are a lot of unpredictable factors that affect where your emissions land in a given year, so that flexibility matters.»

Since 1950, world population has risen by a factor of 2.7, but our use of materials such as metals and oil has quadrupled, and greenhouse gas emissions are up more than fivefold.

Concentrations of grass pollen are influenced by many factors, the most important being the weather and the emissions, which again depends on the grass species.

«There is no doubt that the most important factor causing climate warming are CO2 emissions and this must be the prime target of our climate policies.

Current, sulfur dioxide monitoring activities include the use of emission inventories that are derived from ground - based measurements and factors, such as fuel usage.

For those countries, Ummel said, emissions information is based on both back - channel information gathering and modeling to predict the amount a particular plant would likely emit based on its size and other factors like the type of coal it uses.

Because these electromagnetic emissions are on the order of an electron volt, and they probably come from a single molecule, or atom, or electron, we can now say that the energy concentration is now on the order of one electron volt per molecule — an increase of a factor of 1011 or so.

But this outcome is not a given and depends on a variety of factors that can impact black carbon emissions such as engine design, fuel composition and geographic location.

The moisture content of the yak dung is another key factor in the emission levels, Saikawa says.

«In our study, income appears to explain much of the variation in the regional factors, so essentially if we know how income changes over time, we can hypothesize about how emissions would follow.»

Among his proudest accomplishments: helping the agency develop a set of numbers called emission factors — values that enable regulators to estimate atmospheric discharges from power plants, oil refineries, chemical plants and other industrial operations.

Carman and other advocates say they understand emission factors will have to be used in some circumstances, and that some types of pollution can be estimated with reasonable accuracy.

Some of these plants already have monitoring systems installed, Schaeffer says, but «it's easier to mask noncompliance using emission factors.»

Despite the findings of these studies and others, the EPA did not update emission factors for the U.S. refinery and petrochemical sector until 2015, seven years after Houston had petitioned the agency to do so and two years after it was sued by environmental justice groups.

The number of emission factors used by the EPA since Southerland's time has proliferated and stands at 22,693.

Because of all of these factors, Vancouver has the lowest per - capita carbon emissions of any major city in the Western Hemisphere.

About a third of the factors used to estimate pipeline leaks and other natural gas emissions in the most recent inventory, for 2015, are based on a 1996 study by the EPA and an industry group then known as the Gas Research Institute.

«EPA believes it is important to develop emissions factors that are of high quality and reliable,» she wrote.

The EPA's IG came back with a targeted reproach in 2014, questioning the validity of factors used to estimate methane emissions from some pipelines.

Many emission factors used to estimate releases of methane — a potent greenhouse gas associated with oil and natural gas development — are «far too low,» says Robert Howarth, an ecology and environmental biology professor at Cornell University.

It allows operators of power plants, for example, to choose between using continuous monitoring to measure fine particles or a combination of quarterly testing and emission factors.

«They use default emissions factors for various types of coals, they have to use various efficiency rates and things like that, and slight tweaks in those has huge impacts when you're talking about hundreds of millions of credits.»

A variety of natural factors influence global climate, from solar variation to volcanoes, but anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions also change the nature of the planet.

Carnegie's Caldeira and Zhang, along with Myhrvold, aimed to identify the key factors that are responsible for most of the difference in greenhouse gas emissions between individual gas and coal plants.

Prices and trading volumes reflect many factors, including differences in the rigor of emission caps, enforcement standards, project monitoring and auditing.

Greenhouse gas emissions that trap heat in the atmosphere, widespread clearing of forests and agricultural activities are major factors driving temperature increases since 1951, the report states.

The goal was to figure out which factors influence ammonia emissions in dairy barns and to, ultimately, lower the amount of ammonia being released from dairy facilities, says Adeline Bougouin, lead author of the study.

At present, nations report methane emissions in terms of CO2 equivalents, using GWP100 as the conversion factor.

Some of the factors influencing ammonia emission — such as seasons — are beyond a farmer's control.

Cornell University researchers factored in the carbon emissions over the course of natural gas's life cycle when it is extracted using hydraulic fracturing — which includes drilling the wells, erecting the construction sites, building pipelines to transport the gas, fueling the pumps that force the water underground, and transporting the wastewater — and concluded that natural gas is dirtier than coal.

Indeed, using different official sources of activity data and emissions factors can result in estimates that vary by up to 40 per cent in a given year.