The graph on the right shows the black body model for an Earth System at a mean temperature of 255 K, a temperature that results in the same 240 Watts / m ^ 2 being
emitted out to Space.
7) Note that the two terms can only be cancelled out within the atmosphere since there is additionally a flow of energy coming in from the sun which is being transmitted through the atmosphere in parallel and
emitted out to space at the same rate as it comes in.
Not exact matches
Out in
space, their chemical bonds spin and flex enough
to emit radio waves we can detect.
«Simply backing
out of a parking
space used
to emit all manner of whirring and clunking, but no more.
Thus radiation
emitted from below the TAU = 1 level gets mostly absorbed before it can get
out to space.
Since the energy
emitted goes like T ^ 4 power, the earth thus
emits less energy back into
space, which is why it has
to warm (until it reaches a temperature when the earth is again
emitting as much energy back
out into
space as it receives from the sun and so is back in equilibrium).
As I recall, it turns
out that the reason why CO2 produces warming is that it effectively causes the energy
emitted back
out into
space from the earth
to be
emitted from a higher average height in the atmosphere where the temperature T is colder (since the temperature generally drops with altitude through the troposphere).
In actuality the surface
emits about 150 Watts per square meter (W / m2) more than goes
out to space.
Stated more precisely, for an equilibrium state
to occur, radiative energy
out to space (reflected solar plus
emitted longwave) must equal radiative energy in (incident solar).
CO2,
emitting in the 600 - 700 wavenumber frequency, is coming
out as if it were 220K, or -53 C. Where in the atmosphere is it -53 C, the lower stratosphere, the location where CO2
emits directly
to space, cooling off the Earth, Without CO2 it is hard
to imagine how the Earth would shed that extra heat.
For this reason, the shell will receive less W / sqm from Earth radiation than is
emitted by the surface, because the radiation will spread
out by the inverse square law just as sunlight gets less intense the further from the sun you get, and the shell will radiate more
to space than back
to Earth.
In these frequencies, no radiation is absorbed, no radiation is
emitted, and here is where IR telescopes and microwave sounding satellites can look
out to space, and down
to the surface, respectively.
Since the steady - state temperature of the earth is determined by the balance between what it receives from the sun and what it
emits back
out into
space, an IR - absorbing atmosphere will in fact cause the earth's steady - state temperature
to be higher than it would be if the atmosphere did not absorb IR.
The greenhouse effect, by affecting the rate at which the earth
emits radiation back
out into
space for a given surface temperature, causes the earth's temperature
to warm in order
to maintain radiative balance.
If you mean by «the atmosphere heats the earth» that the atmosphere causes the earth
to be at a higher steady - state temperature than if all of the radiation that the earth
emitted went back
out into
space, then yes, that is what I am claiming; however, it doesn't violate the 2nd Law because the heat still goes from the earth
to the atmosphere.
Photons
emitted from the core of the Sun take between 100,000 - 200,000 years
to reach the surface and journey
out into
space.