Cross-sectional analysis from the Nurses Health Study indicated that frequent alcohol intake is independently related to higher
endogenous estradiol levels and that estradiol alone, or combined with SHBG, influenced the protective association between alcohol consumption and diabetes risk in postmenopausal women (133).
Testosterone and SHBG were measured in serum from all blood samples collected, while
estradiol and progesterone were measured among 76 women not currently using hormonal contraceptives because hormonal contraceptives contains synthetic forms of estrogen and / or progestin (40), which may influence
endogenous levels of estrogens and progesterone.