Parties have brought successful challenges to
enforcement of arbitral awards under article V (1)(c) in several jurisdictions on the grounds that the arbitral award addressed a party that was not bound by the arbitration agreement.
Not exact matches
It is quite fascinating to note that the topic I elected to write a thesis on more than 17 years ago remains a topical issue to the extent that a world leading institution such as the IBA has constituted a sub-committee,
under the auspices
of the IBA Arbitration Committee, to tackle public policy in relation to
enforcement of arbitral awards, and the sub-committee issued an excellent report last year on the matter.
With respect to the
award of interest, the Hamburg Court
of Appeal rejected a challenge to
enforcement under article V (1)(c), made on the basis that the
arbitral tribunal had
awarded more interest than had been claimed, considering that an «
arbitral tribunal can in its discretion and on its own initiative
award interest and compound interest for the time until the rendition
of the
award and for the time after the rendition
of the
award.»
Courts have consistently confirmed this in relation to article V (1)(c).837 For example, the United States Court
of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied a party's attempt to raise a challenge
under article V (1)(c) to oppose an order compelling arbitration, that is, before the
arbitral proceedings had even taken place.838 The court noted that the provision could only be invoked by a party opposing
enforcement of an
award, which was not possible in circumstances where no
award had been issued, and also unlikely where the party raising the challenge was the claimant in the would - be arbitration, and thus not the party who would be in a position to challenge any resulting
arbitral award absent any counterclaims.839
By imposing stricter rules on recognition and
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards, a Contracting State will breach its obligations
under the Convention.
In a case concerning an application for
enforcement that was subject to both the New York Convention and the European Convention, the Italian Court
of Cassation decided that
enforcement should be denied where the presumption
under Article VIII had not been rebutted because one party seeking
enforcement had expressly requested during the
arbitral proceeding that reasons be given for the
award.
The case raises numerous issues relating to the
enforcement of arbitral awards against sovereign states, including immunity
under the State Immunity Act 1978 and the interaction between English proceedings and proceedings in the curial court (Holland).
An overview
of the history
of the realisation
of The Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention) can be found
under «History 1923 - 1958»
She adds that «Nigerian courts are eager to enforce
arbitral awards and the regulatory framework
under the New York Convention and Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal
Enforcements) Act largely favours
enforcement of foreign
awards».
The section features information on the
enforcement procedures in various CIS states, a database
of court judgements on the
enforcements of SCC
arbitral awards, e-books about arbitration in Sweden and samples
of documents filed in arbitrations
under the SCC Rules.
Elektrim SA v Vivendi Universal SA & Ors [2007] 2 Lloyd's Rep 8: grounds for restraining by injunction an arbitration; as well as several leading cases dealing with interim relief in aid
of international
arbitral proceedings including Mobil Cerro Negor Ltd v Petroleos de Venezuela SA [2008] 1 Lloyd's Rep 684 (expropriation
of Mobil's oil fields in Venezuela; successfully discharged worldwide freezing order for US$ 12 billion
under s. 44
of the Arbitration Act 1996); ETI NV v Republic
of Bolivia [2009] 1 WLR 665 (CA): (nationalisation
of company; successfully discharged a freezing order obtained
under s. 25
of the CJJA 1982 and s. 44
of the AA 1996 in aid
of an ICSID arbitration); Telenor v Vimpelcom & Altimo Group (pre-arbitration interim relief in S$ 3bn telecommunications shareholder dispute); Yukos Oil v Rosneft (US$ 425m freezing order in support
of enforcement of Russian
arbitral awards);
The Supreme Court considered whether the English Court, as an enforcing court
of a Nigerian
arbitral award, was entitled to require a party resisting
enforcement to provide security for the money payable
under the
award as a condition
of being entitled to advance a good arguable defence that
enforcement should be refused on grounds
of English public policy, e.g. because the
award was procured by fraud.
Represented a foreign sovereign in regard to recognition and
enforcement under the New York Convention
of an approximately $ 700 million ICSID Additional Facility
arbitral award.
In addition to having been instructed in major arbitrations, such as the Bermudan - based arbitration relating to the reinsurance
of Arthur Andersen following the collapse
of Enron and WorldCom, and Elektrim SA's long running dispute with Vivendi Universal over Polish telecommunications, he has particular expertise in relation to inter relief applications to the Court in relation to heavy arbitrations such as ETI Euro Telecom V Republic
of Bolivia [2008](no pre-emptive relief in aid
of an ICSID arbitration); Elektrim SA v Vivendi [2007] 1 Lloyd's Rep 693 (s. 68
of AA 1996 and
awards obtained by fraud); Elektrim v Vivendi [2007] 2 Lloyd's Rep 8 (injunction to restrain arbitration continuing) Telenor East Holding II AS v Altimo Holdings & Investments Ltd (multi-billion dollar shareholder dispute — interim injunction
under s. 44
of the AA 1996); Steadfast v Baker Hughes (s. 9 (3) step in the action preventing a stay in favour
of arbitration) and
enforcement of arbitral awards (Yukos v Rosneft: US$ 500m and Yukos v Russian Federation US$ 50 billion.
Canada acceded to the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards in 1986 (the «UNCITRAL Model Law») declaring that it would apply the Convention only to differences arising out
of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, that were considered commercial
under the laws
of Canada, except in the case
of the Province
of Quebec where the law did not provide for such limitation.
While
enforcement, a foreign
arbitral award shall, on the application being made to the appropriate court by any party, be enforced by execution by the court
under the Code
of Civil Procedure 1908, in the same manner as if it were a decree
of the domestic Court.
However, it has been identified that
under the Arbitration Act 1940, the national courts had an extensive supervisory role over the
arbitral process and, most importantly, there were problems being faced by arbitration users in relation to the
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards.
The Supreme Court found that security can only be ordered where an application for recognition and
enforcement of a foreign
arbitral award is being adjourned due to challenges to the
award in the courts
of the country in, or
under the law
of which, it was made.
However, the third paragraph
of recital 12 complicates matters as it provides that where a member state court exercising jurisdiction
under the Brussels I (recast) or national law has determined that an arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable
of being performed, the court's judgment on the substance
of the matter can be recognised or enforced in accordance with Brussels I (recast)(although this is expressed as without prejudice to the competence
of member state courts to decide on recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards in accorded with the New York Convention which «takes precedence over» Brussels I (recast)-RRB-.
Extending the certainty offered
under regimes such as the Alberta Reciprocal
Enforcement of Judgments Act to all international
arbitral awards is not only beneficial because it ensures regulatory consistency, but would also be commercially desirable, helping to avoid costly litigation such as the case at issue here.
Based on the factums submitted to the SCC, the appellant (Yugraneft) is arguing that international
arbitral awards should be considered, at least for
enforcement purposes, equivalent to foreign judgments, and, as such, should benefit from the 10 - year limitation period
under s. 11
of the Alberta Limitations Act.
On the basis
of reciprocity, the Republic
of Guatemala will apply the above Convention to the recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory
of another contract - ing State; and will apply it only to differences arising out
of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial
under its national law.
Ecuador, on a basis
of reciprocity, will apply the Convention to the recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory
of another Contracting State only if such
awards have been made with respect to differences arising out
of legal relationships which are regarded as commercial
under Ecuadorian law.
In an important judgment given on Wednesday 25 October 2017, the Supreme Court has laid down important principles for the
enforcement of international
arbitral awards and specifically for the interception
of funds payable
under letters
of credit
Advising in resisting the
enforcement of two
arbitral awards concerning a dispute
under a shareholders» agreement and an agreement for the commercial development
of land in India.
It is submitted that since the cause
of action or plea in the petition for
enforcement of the
arbitral awards is different from what was pleaded or was subject matter
of the petition
under Section 9, claimant can not be held to be estopped from raising the plea.