This dispute highlights the inconsistent approach across Europe towards
enforcement of arbitral awards which have been set aside in the jurisdiction where the arbitration was seated.
Article V (1)(a) provides that courts may refuse recognition or
enforcement of arbitral awards which are not based on a valid arbitration agreement.832 Article V (1)(a) is similar in nature to article V (1)(c) in that both articles concern whether an arbitral award has been rendered on the basis of a valid arbitration agreement.
Not exact matches
Lawyers from our dispute resolution and litigation practice have drafted these Q&A s,
which give a structured overview
of key practical issues concerning
enforcement of judgments and
arbitral awards in our four jurisdictions.
Article V (1)(d) provides that the composition
of the
arbitral authority must have been in accordance with the agreement
of the parties, or in the absence
of an agreement, the law
of the country where the arbitration took place, failing
which recognition and
enforcement of the
award may be refused.
Another concern raised at the time
of drafting the provision that allows for partial recognition and
enforcement was that «an
arbitral award constitutes an organic whole, the spirit
of which may be violated if it is split up into component parts.»
The conditions for recognition and
enforcement in the Convention establish a «ceiling», or maximum level
of control,
which Contracting States may exert over
arbitral awards and arbitration agreements.
Courts have consistently confirmed this in relation to article V (1)(c).837 For example, the United States Court
of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit denied a party's attempt to raise a challenge under article V (1)(c) to oppose an order compelling arbitration, that is, before the
arbitral proceedings had even taken place.838 The court noted that the provision could only be invoked by a party opposing
enforcement of an
award,
which was not possible in circumstances where no
award had been issued, and also unlikely where the party raising the challenge was the claimant in the would - be arbitration, and thus not the party who would be in a position to challenge any resulting
arbitral award absent any counterclaims.839
The New York Convention, however, limits the scope
of article V (1)(c) by omitting language found in article 2
of the 1927 Geneva Convention
which permitted enforcing authorities to delay, or create conditions in relation to, the
enforcement of awards, where the
award did not cover all the questions submitted to the
arbitral tribunal.793
Although article V (1)(d) moves beyond the text
of the 1927 Geneva Convention, it is not as liberal as certain arbitration statutes,
which attach even less importance than the New York Convention to the law
of the country where the arbitration took place at the recognition and
enforcement stage.854 As explained in the chapter on article VII, 855 the Convention sets only a «ceiling», or the maximum level
of control,
which courts
of the Contracting States may exert over foreign
arbitral awards.
Almost 60 years after its creation, the New York Convention continues to fulfil its objective
of facilitating the recognition and
enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards, and in the years to come, will guarantee the continued growth
of international arbitration and create conditions in
which cross-border economic exchanges can flourish.
Leading commentators agree that article V (1)(c) does not apply to
awards which fail to address all the issues submitted to the
arbitral tribunal for resolution.808 Though there are no reported cases addressing whether article V (1)(c) applies to
awards rendered infra petita, the view that such
awards do not provide grounds for refusal
of recognition or
enforcement is consistent with the text and spirit
of the Convention.
Our work has included obtaining the recognition and
enforcement of four AAA
arbitral awards through proceedings conducted before and after the enactment
of the Dominican commercial arbitration law,
which have become landmark cases in the Dominican Republic.
Pursuant to the Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (The New York Convention of 1958), which has been acceded to by 156 countries so far, arbitral awards may be recognised and enforced in these contracting
Arbitral Awards (The New York Convention of 1958), which has been acceded to by 156 countries so far, arbitral awards may be recognised and enforced in these contracting s
Awards (The New York Convention
of 1958),
which has been acceded to by 156 countries so far,
arbitral awards may be recognised and enforced in these contracting
arbitral awards may be recognised and enforced in these contracting s
awards may be recognised and enforced in these contracting states.
[7] While excluding judicial decisions and
arbitral awards will limit the number
of parties served by the instrument, the working group considered it best to avoid «overlap» with other conventions and minimize confusion among
enforcement authorities over
which instrument applies, although the final wording
of this provision remains to be determined.
The 1958 Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, which governs the enforcement of arbitral awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure f
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, which governs the enforcement of arbitral awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure from
Arbitral Awards, which governs the enforcement of arbitral awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure from t
Awards,
which governs the
enforcement of arbitral awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure f
enforcement of arbitral awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure from
arbitral awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure from t
awards worldwide, has been ratified by all EU Member States and will be unaffected by the UK's departure from the EU.
Of the 54 African countries, 26 are signatories to the New York Convention, which ensures enforcement of arbitral awards, leaving more than half which are not, and parties need to consider the attitude of domestic courts to enforcement when deciding which the best jurisdiction is in which to bring a clai
Of the 54 African countries, 26 are signatories to the New York Convention,
which ensures
enforcement of arbitral awards, leaving more than half which are not, and parties need to consider the attitude of domestic courts to enforcement when deciding which the best jurisdiction is in which to bring a clai
of arbitral awards, leaving more than half
which are not, and parties need to consider the attitude
of domestic courts to enforcement when deciding which the best jurisdiction is in which to bring a clai
of domestic courts to
enforcement when deciding
which the best jurisdiction is in
which to bring a claim.
Acting for a petroleum company in
which the issue is the right
of an unrepresented and absent respondent to lodge an appeal against an
arbitral award at the point
of enforcement and involves a subject sum
of USD 93,720,000.
The Supreme Court found that security can only be ordered where an application for recognition and
enforcement of a foreign
arbitral award is being adjourned due to challenges to the
award in the courts
of the country in, or under the law
of which, it was made.
In June 2014, Professor Scherer joined the IBA Recognition and
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards Subcommittee,
which focuses on the inventory
of meanings
of «public policy» as set forth by international commercial arbitrators, national courts, and investment arbitrators.
The
award can be enforced internationally through the provisions
of the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards,
which more than 140 states have ratified.
III, New York Convention (1958): «-LRB-...) There shall not be imposed substantially more onerous conditions or higher fees or charges on the recognition or
enforcement of arbitral awards to
which this Convention applies than are imposed on the recognition or
enforcement of domestic
arbitral awards».
In
which case, there should not be a distinction between the
enforcement of domestic
arbitral and international
awards in the State where the
enforcement is sought, on the base
of reciprocity.
The exception exists principally because the cross-border recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels
enforcement of arbitral awards is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels I (
arbitral awards is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels I (re
awards is governed by the Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels I (
Arbitral Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels I (re
Awards 1958 (the New York Convention), the priority
of which is confirmed in a new Art 73 (2) to the Brussels I (recast).
However, the third paragraph
of recital 12 complicates matters as it provides that where a member state court exercising jurisdiction under the Brussels I (recast) or national law has determined that an arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable
of being performed, the court's judgment on the substance
of the matter can be recognised or enforced in accordance with Brussels I (recast)(although this is expressed as without prejudice to the competence
of member state courts to decide on recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards in accorded with the New York Convention
which «takes precedence over» Brussels I (recast)-RRB-.
The court would not be bound to recognise the judgment in the presence
of an enforceable New York Convention
arbitral award, but if such an
award does not exist (
which is likely in such circumstances) it is, on the wording
of the Regulation, arguably bound by the recognition and
enforcement articles
of the Brussels I (recast), even though this may offend the court's pro-arbitration stance.
On the basis
of reciprocity, the Republic
of Guatemala will apply the above Convention to the recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards made only in the territory
of another contract - ing State; and will apply it only to differences arising out
of legal relationships, whether contractual or not,
which are considered as commercial under its national law.
Ecuador, on a basis
of reciprocity, will apply the Convention to the recognition and
enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory
of another Contracting State only if such
awards have been made with respect to differences arising out
of legal relationships
which are regarded as commercial under Ecuadorian law.
In Maximov v NMLK the English Commercial Court tackled again the thorny issue
of the
enforcement of a foreign
arbitral award which has been...
Article V
of the 1958 Convention
of the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the «New York Convention «-RRB- sets out the circumstances in which recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may
Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (the «New York Convention «-RRB- sets out the circumstances in which recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award may be
Arbitral Awards (the «New York Convention «-RRB- sets out the circumstances in
which recognition and
enforcement of an arbitral award may
enforcement of an
arbitral award may be
arbitral award may be refused.
In Maximov v NMLK [1] the English Commercial Court tackled again the thorny issue
of the
enforcement of a foreign
arbitral award which has been set aside by the supervisory courts in the seat
of the arbitration.
Even though Alphamix concerned a domestic
arbitral award, the attitude
of the Judge in scrutinizing the arguments against the
enforcement of an
award when a litigant has gone through all the proper court procedures, even public interest ones, is most welcome and sends a strong signal to public bodies
which choose to have their commercial disputes resolved by way
of arbitration, that they should take arbitration proceedings and
arbitral awards made against them seriously.
Be sure to check back for the final post in our arbitration series, in
which we will discuss the
enforcement and appeal
of arbitral awards.
As EU law is according to Eco-Swiss a public policy ground
which requires national courts to review
arbitral awards for their compatibility with EU law, this means that any
arbitral awards where the arbitration seat is in an EU Member State, or the recognition and
enforcement of the
award in an EU Member State is sought, can be successfully challenged in front
of national EU courts.
It is with great pleasure that we bring you the first LEX Africa Guide to the
Enforcement of Foreign Money Judgments and
Arbitral Awards in Africa
which we trust you will find informative and practical.