Specifically the disputed question is whether Toddler acts early, to
enhance Nodal signaling, and therefore to specify endoderm cells; or, alternatively, whether it acts later, to control the migration of mesendoderm.
In particular, a stronger southern center - of - action of the NAO (i.e., a stronger high pressure anomaly) and a northward shift of the SLP dipole
nodal line is associated with greater precipitation deficits over southern and central Europe; and a southward shift of the
nodal line accompanied by stronger anomalous westerly flow across northern Europe and Russia favors
enhanced precipitation and warming in these regions (Fig. 4).