Sentences with phrase «equilibrium effects of»

The paper presents new empirical evidence that complements existing studies on performance pay, not least because the cross-country design goes some way to capture general - equilibrium effects of teacher sorting that have eluded existing experimental studies.

In this piece, I provide an analysis of the short - run partial equilibrium effects of portability on school - level Title I revenues.

(And the people I would really tut - tut are the people who talk about the * general * equilibrium effects of robots using * partial * equilibrium reasoning.)

«International Trade 101 analyses the partial equilibrium effects of a tariff as driving a wedge between demand and supply curves, whereby the price goes up and the quantity down,» he said in a note to clients.

Their result is close to the estimated equilibrium effect of doubling the concentration of CO2.

Not exact matches

The December 2016 decision by the PBOC to restrict investment - related FX purchases, however, changed the funding equilibrium (this took effect following the most recent Redfin report, thus not yet visible in most economic data releases as of Feb 17).

This will have a catastrophic effect on the oil industry through price collapse (an equilibrium cost of $ 25.4 per barrel), disproportionately impacting different companies, countries, oil fields and infrastructure depending on their exposure to high - cost oil.

The balancing effect of supply and demand results in a state of equilibrium.

The notion that monetary policy has no effect on output can only be a throwback to textbook constructs of self correcting forces which keep the economy in some kind of equilibrium — including, in their modern guise, perfect foresight and rational expectations.

Another effect that gives cause for alarm is that a man who grows accustomed to the use of contraceptive methods mayforget the reverence due to a woman, and, disregarding her physical and emotional equilibrium, reduce her to being a mere instrument for the satisfaction of his own desires, no longer considering her as his partner whom he should surround with care and affection... [So] In preserving intact the whole moral law of marriage, the Church is convinced that she is contributing to the creation of a truly human civilisation» (HV 17 - 18).

It turned out that, as often is the case, the disruptive effects of a quick economic change were larger than the positive net effects the eventual equilibrium was predicted to have.

The cluster - formation mechanism on the basis of equilibrium thermodynamics can be speculatively explained by entropic solvent effects.

There's just one catch: The material must be «in equilibrium,» meaning that any particle motions must be due to the effect of the material's temperature rather than any external forces acting on the particles.

«This study supports the idea that punctuated equilibria exist but also suggests a limit to its overall effect on genetic change,» comments Don Waller, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

The resulting rough edges dampen the power of the waves, reducing their effect on newly exposed, weaker rock until eventually the process reaches equilibrium.

Increasing the selection strength reduced the equilibrium frequency of mutations (Fig. 3, compare e = 0.025 vs. 0.075 for N = 1000, μ = 0.005) but imparted little effect on the approach to fixation during relaxed selection (YF).

The myth probably arises from the very early days of equilibrium change runs, where the ocean heat sink effect did not apply.

If a spike in temperatures due to CO2 causes a non-reversible change in ice cover, you have a situation more analogous to a deglaciation because you now have a forcing that has a strong effect on the equilibrium amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.

The saliva is there to maintain a healthy equilibrium of bacteria; however ingesting sugar can have an effect on pH levels and misbalance the fragile mouth ecosystem.

Every time you use your arms to balance by holding them out to the sides like a tightrope walker, you're intuitively taking advantage of the fact that as weight moves away from your center of gravity, it has a greater effect on your equilibrium.

Bhanda: body locks which direct prana and apana, they allow the effects of exercises to accumulate and equilibrium to be established.

According to Professor Edward J. Calabrese of the University of Massachusetts, and author of Pollutants and High Risk Groups, «It is this homeostatic process which neutralizes the pollutant's effect and returns the system to equilibrium.»

While I still haven't entirely renounced my beloved collection of stilettos, these days in my fifth month of pregnancy when my balance and equilibrium are a bit off (a common side effect of adjusting to a growing mid-section) you will most likely catch me reaching for midi - heels, kitten heels or chunky block heels during the work week.

Included in the PowerPoint: Macroeconomic Objectives (AS Level) a) Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS) analysis - the shape and determinants of AD and AS curves; AD = C+I+G + (X-M)- the distinction between a movement along and a shift in AD and AS - the interaction of AD and AS and the determination of the level of output, prices and employment b) Inflation - the definition of inflation; degrees of inflation and the measurement of inflation; deflation and disinflation - the distinction between money values and real data - the cause of inflation (cost - push and demand - pull inflation)- the consequences of inflation c) Balance of payments - the components of the balance of payments accounts (using the IMF / OECD definition): current account; capital and financial account; balancing item - meaning of balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium - causes of balance of payments disequilibrium in each component of the accounts - consequences of balance of payments disequilibrium on domestic and external economy d) Exchange rates - definitions and measurement of exchange rates - nominal, real, trade - weighted exchange rates - the determination of exchange rates - floating, fixed, managed float - the factors underlying changes in exchange rates - the effects of changing exchange rates on the domestic and external economy using AD, Marshall - Lerner and J curve analysis - depreciation / appreciation - devaluation / revaluation e) The Terms of Trade - the measurement of the terms of trade - causes of the changes in the terms of trade - the impact of changes in the terms of trade f) Principles of Absolute and comparative advantage - the distinction between absolute and comparative advantage - free trade area, customs union, monetary union, full economic union - trade creation and trade diversion - the benefits of free trade, including the trading possibility curve g) Protectionism - the meaning of protectionism in the context of international trade - different methods of protection and their impact, for example, tariffs, import duties and quotas, export subsidies, embargoes, voluntary export restraints (VERs) and excessive administrative burdens («red tape»)- the arguments in favor of protectionism This PowerPoint is best used when using worksheets and activities to help reinforce the ideas talked about.

The cross-country comparative approach provides a number of unique advantages over national studies: It can exploit institutional variation that does not exist within countries; draw on much larger variation than usually available within any country; reveal whether any result is country - specific or more general; test whether effects are systematically heterogeneous in different settings; circumvent selection issues that plague within - country identification by using system - level aggregated measures; and uncover general - equilibrium effects that often elude studies in a single country.

Students investigate the effect of a common ion on an existing equilibrium and calculate Ksp when a common ion is present.

The economic consequences of large - scale government investments in education depend on the general equilibrium (GE) effects in both the labor market and the education sector.

The equilibrium made possible by quattro drive and by the counterbalancing effect of positioning the hybrid body's 31 % steel content (Roadster 42 %) towards the rear contributes to a feeling of exceptional neutrality on challenging roads.

In short, while I believe the private equilibrium is generally quite responsible, regulators can not afford to be Panglossian about it - after all it was this private equilibrium that recently generated the illegal practice of late trading in some mutual funds, where preferred customers got to trade after the markets had closed, and it was this private equilibrium that caused a number of ostensibly safe money market funds in the early 1990s to take on excessive hidden risk that caused them to «break the buck» - in effect declare losses on what is supposed to be a risk free asset.

In her quest for dynamic equilibrium, it was Riley's introduction of greyscale effect — the mid-point between black and white — that had the greatest impact on the development of her oeuvre.

Polar amplication is of global concern due to the potential effects of future warming on ice sheet stability and, therefore, global sea level (see Sections 5.6.1, 5.8.1 and Chapter 13) and carbon cycle feedbacks such as those linked with permafrost melting (see Chapter 6)... The magnitude of polar amplification depends on the relative strength and duration of different climate feedbacks, which determine the transient and equilibrium response to external forcings.

The fact that there is a natural greenhouse effect (that the atmosphere restricts the passage of long wave (LW) radiation from the Earth's surface to space) is easily deducible from i) the mean temperature of the surface (around 15ºC) and ii) knowing that the planet is roughly in radiative equilibrium.

So, if you have two identical glass greenhouses with thermally isolated mercury thermometers at equilibrium in the sunlight [One with Air at Press =P, and the 2nd w / CO2 at Press =P], and you close the blinds — you will see the thermometer in the CO2 greenhouse retain its temperature longer — not because of any «global warming» type effect, but simply because Air conducts heat to the walls of the greenhouse better than Air does.

The OHC thus only «reflects the current effects of airborne CO2 on the environment» when the climate is in equilibrium.

So, if you have two identical glass greenhouses with thermally isolated mercury thermometers at equilibrium in the sunlight [One with Air at Press =P, and the 2nd w / CO2 at Press =P], and you close the blinds — you will see the thermometer in the CO2 greenhouse retain its temperature longer — not because of any «global warming» type effect, but simply because Air conducts heat to the walls of the greenhouse better than CO2 does.

(Note that this is supposed to concern the effect of adding (more) CO2 to a preexisting equilibrium condition, so the effect of the non-CO2 absorber (with spectral overlap with CO2 within the layer) on temperature is not the issue.

Heat capacity that is «used» over a longer period of time (penetration of temperature change through the depths of the ocean and up to regions of upwelling) would leave a more persistent residual imbalance, but the effect would only just stall the full change to equilibrium climate, not change the long term equilibrium sensitivity.)

In fact, if the physics - based understanding of «equilibrium sensitivity» to any forcing is too low, then not only will CO2 have a greater effect, so too will all other forcings, such as: changes in the sun, in cloud cover, in albedo, etc..

A simple glance at the buffering power of the carbonate equilibrium system and the vast reservoir of DIC in the oceans would lead one to guess that CO2 acidification would be negligible — but it's the rate of change, not the long - term equilibria, that matters in terms of the real - time effect.

(PS don't mistake this dependence on solar heating in this context to equate to an argument that all full - equilibrium stratospheric cooling in the increase of a GHE requires stratospheric solar heating; also, this additional 10 W / m2 doesn't include any stratospheric adjustment effect.)

There can / will be local and regional, latitudinal, diurnal and seasonal, and internal variability - related deviations to the pattern (in temperature and in optical properties (LW and SW) from components (water vapor, clouds, snow, etc.) that vary with weather and climate), but the global average effect is at least somewhat constrained by the global average vertical distribution of solar heating, which requires the equilibrium net convective + LW fluxes, in the global average, to be sizable and upward at all levels from the surface to TOA, thus tending to limit the extent and magnitude of inversions.)

Re my 441 — competing bands — To clarify, the absorption of each band adds to a warming effect of the surface + troposphere; given those temperatures, there are different equilibrium profiles of the stratosphere (and different radiative heating and cooling rates in the troposphere, etc.) for different amounts of absorption at different wavelengths; the bands with absorption «pull» on the temperature profile toward their equilibria; disequilibrium at individual bands is balanced over the whole spectrum (with zero net LW cooling, or net LW cooling that balances convective and solar heating).

The effect it has on the equilibrium sensitivity is more indirect, as the more the ocean can buffer excess heat, the more chance it will give for CO2 to sequester out of the system.

That equilibrium point between solar heating of the ocean and clouds starving the ocean of solar heating is in effect a saturated greenhouse.

Instead, Miskolczi appears to have become obsessed in trying to explain the greenhouse effect in terms of century - old outdated Schuster - Schwarzschild analytic formulations derived for a spectrally gray, homogenous, radiative equilibrium atmosphere.

The latest modelling experiments take this into account, but it is easier to understand causes and effects in an equilibrium - response experiment.The first thing that happens when CO2 is doubled is that less energy in the form of radiation escapes to space.

About the one year to multiyear effect of a one time temperature change and stable temperature after that: The real first year sensitivity of CO2 for temperature will be 2 - 4 ppmv / °C, the second year it will not be zero, but a lot smaller, as a new equilibrium between temperature and CO2 levels will be approached.

The only things that can change that resultant point of temperature equilibrium significantly are changes in solar radiance coming in and changes in overall atmospheric density (a function of mass and pressure) which affect the radiant energy going out or a change in the speed of the water cycle which, because of the unique characteristics of the phase changes of water altering the speed of energy flow through the system is capable of exerting a powerful regulatory effect.

The result: 1 W / m2 change of the greenhouse effect has the same influence on the equilibrium as 1 W / m2 change of the non-reflected solar radiation.

If the net effect of more GHGs is actually system cooling then the reverse scenario would apply, still with no change in equilibrium temperature.