For public utilities, the debt should not exceed twice the stock
equity at book value.
Not exact matches
During that earlier period, American business earned an average of 11 percent or so on
equity capital employed and stocks, in aggregate, sold
at valuations far above that
equity capital (
book value), averaging over 150 cents on the dollar.
It's trading
at a cheap 0.9 times
book value and has a low debt to common
equity of 16.4 %.
The Bank of Georgia, a leading bank in the Eurasian country, has had a return on
equity of more than 20 % for a number of years, despite trading
at book value.
European
equities, as represented by the S&P Europe 350 Index, are now trading
at less than 12x forward earnings and 1.3 x
book value.
With this method, assets are measured
at their gross
book value rather than
at net
book value in order to produce a higher return on
equity (ROE).
According to a note from Macquarie
Equities, «with a
book value per share of around $ 1.30 and farmers have purchased shares
at $ 1 - $ 1.20, so we think any whole company proposal would need to reflect good
value to achieve the 75 - 90 per cent required farmer sign - off (under various structures).»
For an investment portfolio of $ 1,325 per share,
at 7 % tax equivalent returns, Markel should earn $ 93 per share in
equity next year, growing
book value by 17 % ($ 93 per share added to $ 543 per share).
The MSCI EM
equity index is trading
at roughly 1.35 x
book value, more than 50 % cheaper than the S&P 500, as Bloomberg data shows.
All companies have a
book value, so you take a look
at your
equity, your assets, your liabilities, and everything else and then, you know, an accounting firm says, «well, here's your
book value.»
The company trades
at a price equal to its
book value, with return on
equity coming in
at just under 11 %.
Each shareholder's ownership interest is calculated by dividing
Equity by the number of shares outstanding
at the measurement date -
book value per share.
And growing
book value (producing high returns on
equity over time) is something that Markel has excelled
at:
Return on
Equity, a measure of how much income companies are making based on their
book value, is
at an all time low.
But looking
at Shareholder
Equity, (and dividing that by the number of shares held to get the
book value per share) if a company is able to earn, say, $ 1.50 on a stock whose
book value is $ 10, that's a 15 % return.
I wouldn't
value the
equity at anything better than a 0.67 Price /
Book ratio for the moment — but this still offers some nice upside from the current share price.
In fact, the cyclically adjusted price - to - earnings ratio (CAPE) 1 for U.S.
equities is
at a record high relative to its past history — in the 100th percentile2 — while price - to -
book (P / B) ratios are in the 96th percentile3 of historical
values.
So, that's my preferred measure for how much has the underlying
value of the firm increased: growth in fully diluted tangible
book value (ex-AOCI), adding back dividends, and subtract out net
equity issuance / buyback measured not
at cost, but
at the current market price.
Growth in fully diluted tangible
book value (ex-AOCI) is a good measure of firm performance, if you add back dividends, and subtract out net
equity issuance / buyback measured not
at cost, but
at the current market price.
Corporations which need relatively regular access to
equity markets to raise new funds, will tend to pay out 70 % to 80 % of earnings as dividends in order to give these companies enhanced ability to sell new issues of common stocks, say every 18 months to two years,
at prices reflecting a premium over
book value.
The returns of the
Value vs. Growth portfolio were constructed using data that can be found at Kenneth R. French's website, where a value stock is defined as one having high Book Equity to Market Eq
Value vs. Growth portfolio were constructed using data that can be found
at Kenneth R. French's website, where a
value stock is defined as one having high Book Equity to Market Eq
value stock is defined as one having high
Book Equity to Market
Equity.
The shares are also priced
at 1.95 x tangible
book value so investors should get 20.11 / 1.95 = 10.31 % return on the
equity they hold per share.
The larger REITs have seen large buying for yield seekers, ETFs and asset allocators that has driven the valuation of large REITS like Simon Properties (SPG) and Mr. Zell's own
Equity Residential Properties (EQR) prices up to 2 times
book value and higher, while many of the smaller ones have languished and trade
at discounts to their asset
value.