Sentences with phrase «escape rate»

The results presented in the thesis show that a stronger solar wind mainly accelerates particles already escaping the planet's gravity, but does not increase the ion escape rate.

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The cold upper atmosphere implies much lower escape rates of volatiles from Pluto than predicted and so has important implications for the volatile recycling and the long - term evolution of Pluto's atmosphere.

«That's 10,000 times better than the National Institutes of Health's recommendation for escape rate for genetically modified organisms,» said Church.

The low nitrogen loss rate is consistent with an undetected Charon atmosphere but possibly inconsistent with sublimation / erosional features seen on Pluto's surface, so that past escape rates may have been much larger at times.

The inferred escape rate of nitrogen is ~ 10,000 times slower than predicted, whereas that of methane is about the same as predicted.

Masunaga et al. (2014) used ASPERA 4 on - board ESA Venus Express to estimate a total O + escape rate of (5.8 ± 2.9) × 1024 s − 1, during perpendicular IMF, and (4.9 ± 2.2) × 1024 s − 1, during horizontal IMF; larger rates are expected during CMEs (Luhmann et al. 2007, 2008).

But at the current escape rate, the dwarf planet would have knocked only about 15 centimeters (6 inches) off of its icy crust.

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The results show that the solar wind has a comparatively small effect on the ion escape rate, which instead mainly depends on the EUV radiation.

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Major goals of the New Horizons mission included the characterization of the structure and composition of Pluto's atmosphere, as well as its escape rate, and to determine whether Charon has a measurable atmosphere.

«While it's possible that the escape rate was not as high in the past as it is now, we think geologic activity is helping out by bringing nitrogen up from Pluto's interior.»

The escape rate peaked when Mars was at its closest point to the sun and dropped off when the planet was farthest from the sun.

As it was, the escape rate — the number of E. coli able to survive without being fed the synthetic amino acid — was «so low we couldn't detect it,» Church said.

Observation by the MAVEN spacecraft of the upper Mars atmosphere during a CME showed an enhancement in the escape rate of ions to space during the event, suggesting that ion loss during solar events in early Mars history may have been a major contributor to the long - term evolution of the Mars atmosphere (Jakosky et al. 2015).

This would lead to a reduction in the selection pressure for escape and an underestimate of the escape rate in the presence of continuous selection pressure.

«Without this biological process, much of that methane would enter the water column, and the escape rates into the atmosphere would probably be quite a bit higher,» Marlow said.