Not exact matches
When they retrieved data from the moorings
in 2015, they found that the
ocean had experienced a dramatic
change over the previous decade,
especially during the winter.
«It's probably too early to conclude exactly which geochemical
changes in the Ediacaran
oceans were responsible for the shift to large body sizes, but there are strong contenders,
especially increased oxygen, which animals need for respiration.»
Gross says that the most important processes affecting day length are
changes in the weather,
especially unusual variations
in the strength and direction of the winds, which bring on alterations
in the global circulation of the atmosphere and
ocean.
But
especially in such a rare coral species, a tiny boost of a few new individuals could make a big difference
in their genetic diversity, allowing their populations to adapt and become more resilient to the
changing environment
in the
oceans.»
The researchers had expected the
ocean to play a bigger role
in eroding away the coastline, as it has elsewhere —
especially as climate
change is causing more Arctic sea ice to melt away, leaving the surface of the water exposed.
«The information will be
especially useful as climate
change and
ocean acidification continue to alter our environment
in unpredictable ways.»
The westerlies
in the Northern Hemisphere, which increased from the 1960s to the 1990s but which have since returned to about normal as part of NAO and NAM
changes, alter the flow from
oceans to continents and are a major cause of the observed
changes in winter storm tracks and related patterns of precipitation and temperature anomalies,
especially over Europe.
«Understanding such processes is
especially important today since oxygen
in the
ocean is decreasing, largely due to the warming of
ocean waters driven by climate
change,» said the study's lead author Andrew Margolin, a postdoctoral researcher at the College of William & Mary's Virginia Institute of Marine Science and an alumnus of the UM Rosenstiel School.
Since IPCC (2001) the cryosphere has undergone significant
changes, such as the substantial retreat of arctic sea ice,
especially in summer; the continued shrinking of mountain glaciers; the decrease
in the extent of snow cover and seasonally frozen ground, particularly
in spring; the earlier breakup of river and lake ice; and widespread thinning of antarctic ice shelves along the Amundsen Sea coast, indicating increased basal melting due to increased
ocean heat fluxes
in the cavities below the ice shelves.
Ocean warming, which is caused by climate
change, is a serious threat to coral reefs,
especially for coral reefs
in shallower waters.
By bringing together microbial ecologists, biogeochemists her group examines the influence of microbial communities on coastal
ocean processes,
especially in light of a
changing climate.
However, this
in itself is not enough to define what level of warming is «dangerous,»
especially since the projections of actual impacts for any level of warming are highly uncertain, and depend on further factors such as how quickly these levels are reached (so how long ecosystems and society have had to respond), and what other
changes are associated with them (eg: carbon dioxide concentration, since this affects plant photosynthesis and water use efficiency, and
ocean acidification).
Since the subtropical
oceans are favoured regions for low clouds (Figure 2),
especially in summer, such
changes in weather patterns may conceivably affect low cloud cover
in the manner seen
in Figure 1.»
A lot of reseach energy is being devoted to the study of Methane Clathrates — a huge source of greenhouse gases which could be released from the
ocean if the thermocline (the buoyant stable layer of warm water which overlies the near - freezing deep
ocean) dropped
in depth considerably (due to GHG warming), or
especially if the deep
ocean waters were warmed by very, very extreme
changes from the current climate, such that deep water temperatures no longer hovered within 4C of freezing, but warmed to something like 18C.
eg pg xii To improve our predictive capability, we need: • to understand better the various climate - related processes, particularly those associated with clouds,
oceans and the carbon cycle • to improve the systematic observation of climate - related variables on a global basis, and further investigate
changes which took place
in the past • to develop improved models of the Earth's climate system • to increase support for national and international climate research activities,
especially in developing countries • to facilitate international exchange of climate data
The cause of the
change is a particular
change in winds,
especially in the Pacific
Ocean where the subtropical trade winds have become noticeably stronger, thereby changing ocean currents and increasing the subtropical overturning in the ocean, providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the o
Ocean where the subtropical trade winds have become noticeably stronger, thereby
changing ocean currents and increasing the subtropical overturning in the ocean, providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the o
ocean currents and increasing the subtropical overturning
in the
ocean, providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the o
ocean, providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the
oceanocean.
(8) Since at least 1980
changes in global temperature, and presumably
especially southern
ocean temperature, appear to represent a major control on
changes in atmospheric CO2.»
• Representation of climate processes
in models,
especially feedbacks associated with clouds,
oceans, sea ice and vegetation,
in order to improve projections of rates and regional patterns of climate
change.
So
especially the atmosphere (but also to some extent the
ocean) will be affected by externally imposed
changes in rotation rate via the global electrical circuit before the solid Earth is because they're several thousand times lighter.
It seems unlikely that low level clouds —
especially marine stratocumulous — would not respond to large scale
changes in ocean and atmospheric conditions.
The large scale
changes in ocean and atmosphere are everywhere evident
especially in hydrology.
But other elements could potentially also contribute to a collapse: an accelerating extinction of animal and plant populations and species, which could lead to a loss of ecosystem services essential for human survival; land degradation and land - use
change; a pole - to - pole spread of toxic compounds;
ocean acidification and eutrophication (dead zones); worsening of some aspects of the epidemiological environment (factors that make human populations susceptible to infectious diseases); depletion of increasingly scarce resources [6,7], including
especially groundwater, which is being overexploited
in many key agricultural areas [8]; and resource wars [9].
I think the influence of
changes in ocean heat transport and what the scientists say that should cause is good evidence it will actually reverse
especially in the context of the drop
in 0 - 700m
ocean heat content
in the N Atlantic.
I believe, largely from your presentations of the observed data and discussion, as well as having read thousands of other climate
change articles and discussion, that it's our planet's
oceans that are the biggest players
in climate warming and cooling,
especially on short timescales.
The study,
in addition to being even more terrifying than last summer's draft, may act to motivate increased urgency for scientific research
in Greenland and Antarctica,
especially their effects on
ocean circulation — as well as increased attention to the possibility of truly dire near - term global
change.
For more than a decade, researchers have struggled and failed to balance global carbon budgets, which must balance carbon emissions to the atmosphere from fossil fuels (6.3 Pg per year; numbers here from Skee Houghton at Woods Hole Research Center) and land use
change (2.2 Pg; deforestation, agriculture etc.) with carbon dioxide accumulation
in the atmosphere (3.2 Pg) and the carbon sinks taking carbon out of the atmosphere,
especially carbon dioxide dissolving
in Ocean surface waters (2.4 Pg).
He wrote, «The cause of the shift is a particular
change in winds,
especially in the Pacific
Ocean where the subtropical trade winds have become noticeably stronger, changing ocean currents and providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the o
Ocean where the subtropical trade winds have become noticeably stronger,
changing ocean currents and providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the o
ocean currents and providing a mechanism for heat to be carried down into the
oceanocean.
Numerous peer - reviewed publications describe evidence that
ocean temperatures are rising and
ocean chemistry,
especially pH, is
changing.5 New observational data from buoys and ships document increasing acidity and aragonite under - saturation (that is, the tendency of calcite and aragonite
in shells to dissolve)
in Alaskan coastal waters.
Stephanie Jenouvrier Assistant Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Specialties: Understanding and predicting the effect of climate
change on seabird populations,
especially in the Southern
Ocean
A recent comprehensive review [7] reveals that there are still wide uncertainties about the Earth's sea - level history that are
especially large for time scales of tens of millions of years or longer, which is long enough for substantial
changes in the shape and volume of
ocean basins.
This is largely because melting sea ice
changes the albedo of high latitude
oceans, and to a lesser extent because an inversion prevails at high latitudes,
especially in winter, whereas at low latitudes the heating is convectively mixed througout the troposphere.
Hansen et al conclude the same:»... These predictions,
especially the cooling
in the Southern
Ocean and North Atlantic with markedly reduced warming or even cooling
in Europe, differ fundamentally from existing climate
change assessments.»
Though more work is needed to fully understand these long term trends,
especially what happens from the mid-1970's, it is likely that
changes in ocean circulation involving some combination of the Atlantic meridional overtuning circulation and the subtropical cells are required to explain the observations.
IMO the process whose
changes are most likely to be responsible for apparent
changes to deep
ocean heat content are
changes to the nature of turbulent vertical mixing
in specific areas of the world,
especially the West Pacific / South China Sea, and perhaps the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico.
Adaptation through natural selection over coming decades may also facilitate persistence
in a
changing ocean,
especially for species from warmer latitudes that have a comparatively shorter generation time compared with polar species.
Irrigation effects on climate may also be indirect,
especially in monsoon regions where alteration of the thermal contrast between land and
ocean may produce
changes in monsoon circulation and the accompanying climatic variables.
Topics that I work on or plan to work
in the future include studies of: + missing aerosol species and sources, such as the primary oceanic aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the in - cloud and aerosol water aqueous formation of organic aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic aerosols, the importance of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in the future include studies of: + missing aerosol species and sources, such as the primary oceanic aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the
in - cloud and aerosol water aqueous formation of organic aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic aerosols, the importance of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in - cloud and aerosol water aqueous formation of organic aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic aerosols, the importance of
in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial aerosol and aerosol precursor sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the
change of aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution,
especially with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates
changes and heterogeneous reactions
in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of aerosols, which affect aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption, with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing aerosols + aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on aerosol removal +
changes on climate and feedbacks related with all these topics
In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the aerosol representation
in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate
change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested
in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic aerosol
changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climat
in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the
ocean and climate.