The westerlies
in the Northern Hemisphere, which increased from the 1960s to the 1990s but which have since returned to about normal as part of NAO and NAM
changes, alter the flow from
oceans to continents and are a major cause of the observed
changes in winter storm tracks and related patterns of precipitation and
temperature anomalies,
especially over Europe.
A lot of reseach energy is being devoted to the study of Methane Clathrates — a huge source of greenhouse gases which could be released from the
ocean if the thermocline (the buoyant stable layer of warm water which overlies the near - freezing deep
ocean) dropped
in depth considerably (due to GHG warming), or
especially if the deep
ocean waters were warmed by very, very extreme
changes from the current climate, such that deep water
temperatures no longer hovered within 4C of freezing, but warmed to something like 18C.
Numerous peer - reviewed publications describe evidence that
ocean temperatures are rising and
ocean chemistry,
especially pH, is
changing.5 New observational data from buoys and ships document increasing acidity and aragonite under - saturation (that is, the tendency of calcite and aragonite
in shells to dissolve)
in Alaskan coastal waters.