Sentences with phrase «estimate average emission»

Here, we estimate average emission factors and marginal emission factors for CO ₂, SO ₂, and NOx from fossil and nonfossil generators in the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO) region during years 2007 — 2016.

With an estimated average emission reduction of 16 % for 2008 - 2012, they are certain to exceed their target quite comfortably.

Not exact matches

Similarly, Fonterra said GRAIN's average emissions factor estimate is more than double the amount used by the New Zealand dairy industry.

In this study, we created new per - animal emissions factors — that is measures of the average amount of CH4 discharged by animals into the atmosphere — and new estimates of global livestock methane emissions.»

In his new paper, Lovejoy applies the same approach to the 15 - year period after 1998, during which globally averaged temperatures remained high by historical standards, but were somewhat below most predictions generated by the complex computer models used by scientists to estimate the effects of greenhouse - gas emissions.

«Given that the average capacity of the registered projects and those in the validation pipeline are in the range of 2,000 - 3,000 [megawatts], resulting in a large amount of emission reductions per project activity, extra caution should be given to ensure that the baseline emissions are estimated in a transparent and conservative manner,» the panel says in its recommendation to the Executive Board.

Even if the average U.K. citizen were to fall in line with dietary guidelines set forth by the World Health Organization (which most do not), the study estimates there would be a 17 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

Even so, the IPCC estimates above indicate: 1) Total Net Atmospheric Carbon Emissions to 2100 will amount to ~ 2050 PgC (or more) on current Trends, 2) A BAU projected estimate would push CO2 to ~ 952 ppm by 2100 (or more), and 3) Global average temperature increase / anomaly would be as high as ~ 6.8 C by 2100

For a future of continued growth in emissions the new results indicate a likely global average sea - level rise between 1.1 and 2.1 meters (3.6 to 6.9 feet)-- roughly double the IPCC - consistent estimate.

However, other independent analyses have, based on a range of assumptions, methodologies and data sources, attempted to estimate the impact of the INDCs on temperature leading to a range of average estimates below, at or above 3 degrees C. Importantly all deliver more or less similar emission levels in 2025 and 2030 and all confirm that the INDCs, if fully implemented, are an important advance on previous scenarios.

The 2015 edition of the EPA's annual report «Light - Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends» estimates the following utility factors for 2015 model year plug - in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, whether in electric only or blended modes: 83 % for the BMW i3 REx, 66 % for the Chevrolet Volt, 45 % for the Ford Energi models, 43 % for the McLaren P1, 37 % for the BMW i8, and 29 % for the Toyota Prius PHV.

The Department of Energy estimates that keeping your car maintained can improve your mileage by an average of 4 percent when comparing it to vehicles that have failed an emissions test.

These trees will eliminate an estimated half a million tons of carbon dioxide over the course of their lifetime — offsetting the equivalent emissions of 10,000 average U.S. households.

The work is an estimate of the global average based on a single - column, time - average model of the atmosphere and surface (with some approximations — e.g. the surface is not truly a perfect blackbody in the LW (long - wave) portion of the spectrum (the wavelengths dominated by terrestrial / atmospheric emission, as opposed to SW radiation, dominated by solar radiation), but it can give you a pretty good idea of things (fig 1 shows a spectrum of radiation to space); there is also some comparison to actual measurements.

«In 1997, human - caused Indonesian peat fires were estimated to have released between 13 % and 40 % of the average carbon emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels around the world in a single year.»

To achieve the aim of initial stabilization followed by an actual fall in emissions by the year 2020 by 20 % the cost was estimated at some 2 to 5 % of GDP in the initial period and an average of 1 % over a 50 year period.

(ppm) Year of Peak Emissions Percent Change in global emissions Global average temperature increase above pre-industrial at equilibrium, using «best estimate» climate sensitivity CO 2 concentration at stabilization (2010 = 388 ppm) CEmissions Percent Change in global emissions Global average temperature increase above pre-industrial at equilibrium, using «best estimate» climate sensitivity CO 2 concentration at stabilization (2010 = 388 ppm) Cemissions Global average temperature increase above pre-industrial at equilibrium, using «best estimate» climate sensitivity CO 2 concentration at stabilization (2010 = 388 ppm) CO 2 - eq.

From preindustrial levels, contemporary surface ocean pH is estimated to have dropped on average from 8.2 to 8.1, or by about 0.1 pH units (a 26 % increase in hydrogen ion concentration), and further decreases of 0.22 to 0.35 pH units are projected over this century unless carbon dioxide emissions are significantly reduced (Orr et al., 2005; Bopp et al., 2013).

From preindustrial levels, contemporary surface ocean pH is estimated to have dropped on average from 8.2 to 8.1, or by about 0.1 pH units (a 26 % increase in hydrogen ion concentration), and further decreases of 0.22 to 0.35 pH units are projected over this century unless carbon dioxide emissions are significantly reduced.

Further climate change is expected to intensify these effects on North Sea plankton, cod, and marine ecosystems.7 By 2100, scientists estimate that average world sea surface temperatures could rise as much as 5.4 ° F (3 ° C) if our heat - trapping emissions continue unabated.13, 14

This chart uses historical GHG emissions data and the targets and timetables in submitted pre-2020 pledges (for 2020 reductions) and INDCs to estimate the average annual change in emissions (decarbonization rate) from 2020 - 2030.

These carbon cycle models are not perfect and tend, on average, to have lower emissions associated with current CO2 concentrations than our best estimate of emissions that have actually occurred.

For instance, it found that for the year 2040 on the worst - case emissions pathway, the global average sea - level rise would be 0.2 meters (0.65 feet), but «more than 90 percent of coastal areas will experience sea level rise exceeding the global estimate.»

According to estimates released this week by Guido van der Werf on the Global Fire Emissions Database, there have been nearly 100,000 active fire detections in Indonesia so far in 2015, which since September have generated emissions each day exceeding the average daily emissions from all U.S. economic Emissions Database, there have been nearly 100,000 active fire detections in Indonesia so far in 2015, which since September have generated emissions each day exceeding the average daily emissions from all U.S. economic emissions each day exceeding the average daily emissions from all U.S. economic emissions from all U.S. economic activity.

The net heat flows are much smaller like 60 W / m ^ 2 which is a typical estimate for the average net energy transfer from Earth surface due to LWIR taking both emission and absorption into account.

It estimates a 20 - 24 percent reduction in emissions from electric vehicles driven 90,000 miles and powered by average European electricity.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates that a 15 percent cut in emissions from a base year would raise annual average household energy costs by almost $ 1,300 (in 2006 «constant» dollars), or roughly 3 percent of income for the bottom four fifths of the population.

Using the Solar Estimate calculator, we determined that given an average monthly utility bill of $ 150, the owner of a two - bedroom home on Montagu Street in Charleston's up - scale 29401 zip code should produce around 9,890 kilowatt - hours (kWh) of emissions - free renewable energy over its useful life; resulting in an estimated net profit (energy cost savings less the cost of equipment and installation) to the homeowner of $ 57,878 over 25 years.

Overall, in MISO, average emission factors are generally higher than marginal estimates (typical difference: ∼ 20 %).

While oil palm can be grown sustainably, this is rarely the case in Indonesia, where Wetlands International estimates that production of one metric ton of palm oil will result in an average emission of 20 tons of carbon dioxide from peat decomposition alone, not including emissions resulting from production or combustion.

The Earth's average surface temperature is estimated to have warmed 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit (0.7 degrees Celsius) since humans accelerated greenhouse gas emissions around the time of the Industrial Revolution.

The report estimates that secondhand machinery, often built with older technology, consumes an average of 20 percent more energy than modern equipment — often resulting in more greenhouse gas emissions.

In the figure, each line represents a central estimate of global average temperature rise (relative to the 1901 - 1960 average) for a specific emissions pathway.

Many scientists estimate that if greenhouse - gas emissions continue unabated, the average temperature could increase by four degrees Celsius or more by the end of the century — a scenario that might, as Elizabeth Kolbert wrote recently in The New Yorker, «transform the globe into a patchwork of drowned cities, desertifying croplands, and collapsing ecosystems.»

Global average CO2 emission per tonne cement production is estimated by Worrell et al. (2001b) at 814 kg (222 kg C), while Humphreys and Mahasenan (2002) estimated 870 kg (264 kg C).

• Poles to tropics temperature gradient, average temp of tropics over past 540 Ma; and arguably warming may be net - beneficial overall • Quotes from IPCC AR4 WG1 showing that warming would be beneficial for life, not damaging • Quotes from IPCC AR5 WG3 stating (in effect) that the damage functions used for estimating damages are not supported by evidence • Richard Tol's breakdown of economic impacts of GW by sector • Economic damages of climate change — about the IAMs • McKitrick — Social Cost of Carbon much lower than commonly stated • Bias on impacts of GHG emissions — Figure 1 is a chart showing 15 recent estimates of SCC — Lewis and Curry, 2015, has the lowest uncertainty range.

The mining industry has significant potential exposure to carbon emissions regulation in its value chain where Scope 3 emissions from downstream customers is estimated at an average of 10x and up to 30x higher than operational emissions.

The proportionate increase in fuel energy use (and thus GHG emissions) due to a person's weight per kilometre is estimated as car weight plus half the mass of the person, divided by car weight (Leonard Evans, personal communication)-LSB-...] we assumed that all individuals with BMI < 30 kg / m2 use an average small car (e.g. Ford Fiesta) and that individuals with BMI 30 kg / m2 use a car with more internal space (e.g. Ford Galaxy).

The State Department estimates that oil sands oil has 17 % greater well - to - wheel CO2 emissions than average US crude, which corresponds to approximately 200 additional pounds of CO2 emissions per barrel relative to average US crude.

For an average American car (26 miles per gallon), Shindell estimates that the air pollution emissions altogether cost us $ 1700 in damages per year.

At current emissions trends, average pH of the oceans would drop from about 8.1 (current levels) to at least 7.9 in about 100 years (NRC, 2011a).22 A similar change occurred over the 200,000 years leading up to the end - Permian mass extinction, which resulted in loss of an estimated ~ 90 percent or more of known species (Chen and Benton, 2012; Knoll et al., 2007).

Taking an average across ESMs suggests that our cumulative emissions to date would correspond to about 0.3 C more than best estimates of human - caused warming so far.

For a future of continued growth in emissions the new results indicate a likely global average sea - level rise between 1.1 and 2.1 meters (3.6 to 6.9 feet)-- roughly double the IPCC - consistent estimate.

Only 50 % Reduction in Upstream Emissions Possible According to the report Carbon Capture and Storage in the Alberta Tar Sands, CCS «has limited potential to reduce upstream emissions to levels comparable with the average for conventional oil,» with «even the most optimistic estimates from industry experts» showing reductions in the 10 - 30 % range in the medium term and up to 50 % in the lEmissions Possible According to the report Carbon Capture and Storage in the Alberta Tar Sands, CCS «has limited potential to reduce upstream emissions to levels comparable with the average for conventional oil,» with «even the most optimistic estimates from industry experts» showing reductions in the 10 - 30 % range in the medium term and up to 50 % in the lemissions to levels comparable with the average for conventional oil,» with «even the most optimistic estimates from industry experts» showing reductions in the 10 - 30 % range in the medium term and up to 50 % in the long term.

Recent estimates suggest that forestry could contribute an average 6.7 billion tons of emissions reductions annually, with over two - thirds of this potential coming from tropical nations.3 Making full use of the forest carbon sink is appealing to both the developed and the developing world.

When the total energy in Btu from coal consumption by State is known (with no breakdown by coal - consuming sector), the State average emission factors can be used to estimate the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions by State.

1 ton = ~ 7.3 barrels oil estimated Gulf oil leakage rate ~ 21600 barrels / day (5 - 40,000 depending on who's estimating) or 3000 tons / day methane emission = 1.5 e3 ton / day = 1.5 e9 g / day at 50 % methane by weight in the leak (probably a high estimate) Gulf area = 1.5 e6 km ^ 2 = 1.5 e12 m ^ 2 Gulf average depth = 1.62 e3 m Gulf volume = ~ 2.4 e15 m ^ 3

Paragrap 17 «Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in 2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fall within least - cost 2 ̊C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in 2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required than those associated with the intended nationally determined contributions in order to hold the increase in the global average temperature to below 2 ̊C above pre-industrial levels by reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ̊C above pre-industrial levels by reducing to a level to be identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below;»

I think that, given how steadily it has been warming since 1980 (about 0.3 C per decade for the average land area, see below), a forward projection would be a good central estimate around which to add the uncertainty that partly includes what emissions will do in that timeframe.

So how do we average the Earth's temperature such that the application of a single temperature term (or a small number of distinct temperature elements if we partition the system into latitudes and sea vs terrestrial) works correctly to estimate the aggregate emission?