Sentences with phrase «estimate changes in the size»

To estimate changes in the size of the orangutan population over time, Voigt, along with Serge Wich from Liverpool John Moores University in the UK and their colleagues representing 38 international institutions, compiled field surveys conducted from 1999 to 2015.

Not exact matches

Figure 1 compares the magnitude of the effect of instructional days on standardized math scores to estimates drawn from other high - quality studies of the impact of changing class size, teacher quality, and retaining students in grade.

Severe conformational changes have necessitated a high rate of artificial insemination and Caesarean sections and litter sizes tend to be small.5, 9 The breed ranks second in congenital disease and associated puppy mortality [5], due mainly to birth defects such as flat chests with splayed legs; anasarca (water babies) and cleft palate [6].10, 11 Although some English bulldogs enjoy reasonable health, their longevity is definitely affected by the degree of conformational change and inbreeding, which is reflected by lifespan estimates ranging from 3.2 to 11.3 years with a median of 8.4 years [7].

If, for example, scientists had somehow underestimated the climate change between Medieval times and the Little Ice Age, or other natural climate changes, without corresponding errors in the estimated size of the causes of the changes, that would suggest stronger amplifying feedbacks and larger future warming from rising greenhouse gases than originally estimated.

The net change in forest area in the period 2000 — 2010 is estimated at -5.2 million hectares per year (an area about the size of Costa Rica), down from -8.3 million hectares per year in the period 1990 — 2000.

«What is needed is that there are no major but unknown systematic changes in, how the data is collected... Independent errors cancel out well and their size can be estimated from the data, while systematic errors may remain a significant problem, whose size is difficult to estimate».

A research initiative that mapped decisions by town managers in Maine to sources of climate information, engineering design, mandated requirements, and calendars identified the complex, multi-jurisdictional challenges of widespread adaptation for even such seemingly simple actions as using larger culverts to carry water from major storms.116 To help towns adapt culverts to expected climate change over their lifetimes, the Sustainability Solutions Initiative is creating decision tools to map culvert locations, schedule maintenance, estimate needed culvert size, and analyze replacement needs and costs.

Their CTM simulations estimate that the change in CCN concentrations at sizes larger than 80 nm was < 0.2 %.

The size of the carbon injection is estimated from changes in the stable carbon isotope ratio 13C / 12C in sediments and from ocean acidification implied by changes in the ocean depth below which carbonate dissolution occurred.

Due to climate change alone it has been estimated that by 2100 between 1 % and 43 % of endemic species (average 11.6 %) will be committed to extinction (DGVM - based study — Malcolm et al., 2006), whereas following another approach (also using climate envelope modelling - based studies — Thomas et al., 2004a) it has been estimated that on average 15 % to 37 % of species (combination of most optimistic assumptions 9 %, most pessimistic 52 %) will be committed to extinction by 2050 (i.e., their range sizes will have begun shrinking and fragmenting in a way that guarantees their accelerated extinction).

To compete in the changed environment the research quotes estimates that as many as 3,000 high street law firms, or 35 % of the total, may have to disappear before high street law firms reach an optimal size.

We estimated that a sample size of 28 in each group would have 80 % power to detect a difference of 1.2 or more between the groups in the change (before and after treatment) of the number of positive symptoms, with a common SD of 1.5 and the conventional 5 % significance level.

To estimate effect sizes, Cohen d was computed by dividing the unstandardized coefficients for intervention effects (accounting for level 1 and level 2 covariates) by the within - group standard deviation.40, 41 Estimates of within - group standard deviation were computed using the raw data for waking cortisol level (to examine the intervention effect on the intercept) and raw data for waking to bedtime change in cortisol level (to examine the intervention effect on the slope).

In an interesting follow - up to the original study, these researchers went on to estimate the effect size of making the income changes that had occurred permanent in the sample of poor families, and comparing that effect size to those that the Department of Health and Human Services estimates for the early head start program (Taylor, Dearing & McCartney, 2004In an interesting follow - up to the original study, these researchers went on to estimate the effect size of making the income changes that had occurred permanent in the sample of poor families, and comparing that effect size to those that the Department of Health and Human Services estimates for the early head start program (Taylor, Dearing & McCartney, 2004in the sample of poor families, and comparing that effect size to those that the Department of Health and Human Services estimates for the early head start program (Taylor, Dearing & McCartney, 2004).

Due to policy and economic changes over the past year, the estimated size of the mortgage interest deduction (MID) is down considerably to $ 69.7 billion for 2013, much less than the $ 100 billion routinely cited in the press.