Not exact matches
Global mean temperatures averaged
over land and
ocean surfaces, from three different
estimates, each of which has been independently adjusted for various homogeneity issues, are consistent within uncertainty
estimates over the period 1901 to 2005 and show similar rates of increase in recent decades.
The
estimated increase of observed
global ocean heat content (
over the depth range from 0 to 3000 meters) between the 1950s and 1990s is at least one order of magnitude larger than the increase in heat content of any other component.
It is certainly true that a very small temperature bias that is not random from instrument to instrument, but instead is the same
over a large number of profiles can create systematic error in
global estimates of
ocean heat content.
The HadCRUT4 dataset, compiled from many thousands of temperature measurements taken across the globe, from all continents and all
oceans, is used to
estimate global temperature, shows that 2017 was 0.99 ± 0.1 °C above pre-industrial levels, taken as the average
over the period 1850 - 1900, and 0.38 ± 0.1 °C above the 1981 - 2010 average.
The remotely sensed flux observations are then used to
estimate regular flux fields in space and time
over the
global ocean.
By comparing modelled and observed changes in such indices, which include the
global mean surface temperature, the land -
ocean temperature contrast, the temperature contrast between the NH and SH, the mean magnitude of the annual cycle in temperature
over land and the mean meridional temperature gradient in the NH mid-latitudes, Braganza et al. (2004)
estimate that anthropogenic forcing accounts for almost all of the warming observed between 1946 and 1995 whereas warming between 1896 and 1945 is explained by a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcing and internal variability.
Bentamy A., K B. Katsaros, M. Alberto, W. M. Drennan, E. B. Forde, and H. Roquet, 2003: Satellite
Estimates of wind speed and latent heat flux
over the
global oceans, J. Climate, 16, 637 - 656.
Limited validations for the results include comparisons of 1) the PERSIANN - derived diurnal cycle of rainfall at Rondonia, Brazil, with that derived from the Tropical
Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Oceanï ¿ 1/2 Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) radar data; 2) the PERSIANN diurnal cycle of rainfall
over the western Pacific
Ocean with that derived from the data of the optical rain gauges mounted on the TOGA - moored buoys; and 3) the monthly accumulations of rainfall samples from the orbital TMI and PR surface rainfall with the accumulations of concurrent PERSIANN
estimates.
In the present study, satellite altimetric height and historically available in situ temperature data were combined using the method developed by Willis et al. [2003], to produce
global estimates of upper
ocean heat content, thermosteric expansion, and temperature variability
over the 10.5 - year period from the beginning of 1993 through mid-2003...
«A
global ocean heat content change (OHC) trend of 0.55 ± 0.1 Wm ^ 2 is
estimated over the time period 2005 — 2010.
J. T. Fasullo, R. S. Nerem & B. Hamlington Scientific Reports 6, Article number: 31245 (2016) doi: 10.1038 / srep31245 Download Citation Climate and Earth system modellingProjection and prediction Received: 13 April 2016 Accepted: 15 July 2016 Published online: 10 August 2016 Erratum: 10 November 2016 Updated online 10 November 2016 Abstract
Global mean sea level rise
estimated from satellite altimetry provides a strong constraint on climate variability and change and is expected to accelerate as the rates of both
ocean warming and cryospheric mass loss increase
over time.
Abstract: «
Global mean sea level rise
estimated from satellite altimetry provides a strong constraint on climate variability and change and is expected to accelerate as the rates of both
ocean warming and cryospheric mass loss increase
over time.
However, for radiosonde observations, which are irregularly spaced with large gaps
over the
oceans (Figure 2.6),
global - mean temperature is
estimated on the basis of those stations operating during the season in question.
«In our mor recent
global model simulations the
ocean heat - uptake is slower than previously
estimated, the
ocean uptake of carbon is weaker, feedbacks from the land system as temperature rises are stronger, cumulative emissions of greenhouse gases
over the century are higher, and offsetting cooling from aerosol emissions is lower.
While there are few ground - based weather stations in the North Pacific to tally how much rain fell
over the
ocean, satellites such as those participating in the
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission can
estimate precipitation rates from above.
So, the two numbers (one a
global estimate and one just an
estimate over the
oceans) are in reasonably good agreement considering that they don't measure exactly the same thing.
Comparing the trend in
global temperature
over the past 100 - 150 years with the change in «radiative forcing» (heating or cooling power) from carbon dioxide, aerosols and other sources, minus
ocean heat uptake, can now give a good
estimate of climate sensitivity.
... Averaged
over the
global ocean surface, the mean rate of sea level change due to GIA is independently
estimated from models at -0.3 mm / yr (Peltier, 2001, 2002, 2009; Peltier & Luthcke, 2009).
Following these findings, the researchers recommend shorter productivity measurements to help minimize the effect of respiratory and dissolved organic carbon loss and hopefully produce more precise
estimates of the
ocean's
global carbon productivity
over smaller increments of time.