Sentences with phrase «estimates of circulation»

Our theory relates this power to the intensity of condensation and produces estimates of circulation power that are in agreement with observations on a variety of spatial scales.

Such empirical estimates of circulation power are available in the literature.

We present a theoretical estimate of circulation power that fits the observations.

As we clarify both in the paper and in the post, current theories do not provide a quantitative estimate of circulation power.

They are all perfectly observable and measurable and combine elegantly to give an estimate of circulation power.

Not exact matches

The facts are startling: fully 40 % of all the pennies ever issued in the U.K. are now unaccounted for, while the U.S. Mint estimates that 200 billion of the half - trillion coins it has manufactured over the past generation have fallen out of circulation.

There is an estimated $ 100 million in Canadian Tire money redeemed each year, with more than $ 1 billion of Canadian Tire money in circulation since its inception.

Slush money due to the tune of INR 14.20 trillion (US $ 210.00 billion) was in circulation in India as per GoI estimates as on 11/8/2016.

It was also estimated that at least 15 % of all Ethereum in circulation was invested in the DAO.

This circulation equates to a conservative readership estimate of 60,000 per week and includes direct delivery to 3,000 local RMB addresses via Australia Post.

Circulation: 60,000 copies of Gay Parent circulate each year, 10,400 copies of each printed issue is published six times per year with an estimated 20,500 readers per issue.

The magazine was always a niche publication with an estimated 2008 circulation of 36,000.

The project, called Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO), uses observational data — including ocean surface topography, surface wind stress, temperature, salinity profiles and velocity data — collected between June 2005 and December 2007.

They used a model of ocean circulation to estimate where the young turtles would be carried from natal beaches in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian oceans.

I'd love to know what they did take into account in attempting to model that period — must include astronomical location, sun's behavior, best estimates about a lot of different conditions — where the continents were, what the ocean circulation was doing, whether there had been a recent geological period that laid down a lot of methane hydrates available to be tipped by Pliocene warming into bubbling out rapidly.

To quantify the impact of human - induced climate change on Harvey and to estimate whether it indeed exacerbated the rainfall thus requires taking into account the atmospheric circulation as well as the overall warming.

Scientists now estimate that the circulation of seawater through the oceanic crust accounts for 34 % of the heat input into the global oceans, about 25 % of the globe's total heat input.

To estimate the amount of precipitation, Ghosh's team measured a common paleoclimate proxy for temperature, humidity, and atmospheric circulation.

There is considerable confidence that Atmosphere - Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) provide credible quantitative estimates of future climate change, particularly at continental and larger scales.

The visualization covers the period June 2005 to December 2007 and is based on a synthesis of a numerical model with observational data, created by a NASA project called Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, or ECCO for short.

But don't let your digitized checking account fool you: there are an estimated 40 billion United States notes in circulation, with a total value of $ 1.5 trillion.

Since the official premiere of GEM's film at the Assembly Hall of The Riverside Church in Harlem on May 19, 2011 featuring historian Diane Ravitch as our honored guest, our free offer of the DVD and permission to copy and distribute copies of the film have produced an estimated 15,000 copies in circulation.

It is being estimated that over 145 million units will be shipped, which adds to the hundreds of millions currently in circulation.

Our estimate is based primarily on our review of a series of calculations with three - dimensional models of the global atmospheric circulation, which is summarized in Chapter 4.

This range includes all five meridional overturning circulation values estimated from the snapshots analyzed by Bryden et al.; thus, the apparent long - term decrease inferred by these authors may merely be a result of large intra-annual variability...

The problem here is that estimates of changes in sea surface temperature and the depth of the warm mixed layer might be very unreliable, since the general behavior of the Atlantic circulation is only now being directly observed — and the most recent findings are that flow rates vary over a whole order of magnitude:

The figure gives two model estimates for the impact of this circulation (Stocker, 2002).

The response of the internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) to enhanced atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations has been estimated from an ensemble of climate change scenario runs.

(Paper abstract) Climate models may underestimate heat stored in ground General circulation models (GCMs), the primary tool for estimating the magnitude of future climate change, rely on realistic inputs to generate accurate predictions.

The much slower thermohaline circulation mixes cold abyssal water on a time scale of centuries — the global ocean turnover time estimated from bottom current velocities is estimated to be on the order of half a millennium

What is new is that we have used proxy reconstructions of large - scale surface temperature (Mann et al, 2009) previously published by one of us (study co-author and RealClimate co-founder Mike Mann) that extend back to 900 AD (see «What we can learn from studying the last millennium (or so)») to estimate the circulation (AMOC) intensity over the entire last 1100 years (Fig. 3).

In fact, Cane et al (1997) argue that the tendency toward increased SST gradient is precisely what is seen if one uses a robust trend analysis to decrease sensitivity of the trend analysis to outliers such as the very large 1982/1983 El Nino event (this event, and the equally large 1997/1998 El Nino event, greatly influence the estimate of a weakening trend of the Walker circulation in Vecchi et al).

Forcing however is dependent upon the climate model, and in the case of aerosols distribution due to atmospheric circulation is estimated independently of the main model itself.

People convinced as to the accuracy of AO - GCM (Atmosphere Ocean General Circulation Model) simulations may believe that these provide acceptable estimates of S, but even the IPCC does not deny the importance of observational evidence.

Physical properties of the water and satellite estimates of primary productivity were used separately to describe 25 different water masses in Australia's oceans, identified by different circulation regimes and oceanographic features.

The three successive IPCC reports (1991 [2], 1996, and 2001 [3]-RRB- concentrated therefore, in addition to estimates of equilibrium sensitivity, on estimates of climate change over the 21st century, based on several scenarios of CO2 increase over this time interval, and using up to 18 general circulation models (GCMs) in the fourth IPCC Assessment Report (AR4)[4].

This slower warming of the tropical Pacific induces changes in the atmospheric circulation that can be seen in the reanalyses, but two different reanalysis products that incorporate different amounts of satellite data in different ways produce conflicting estimates of the change in circulation.

The climate models have gotten more complex, for sure, with thousands of estimated parameters for warming potential, vorticity, circulation patterns, absorption of heat, pressure, energy, and momentum by various layers or atmosphere, land, ocean, and sea - ice.

Detection / attribution assessments, using General Circulation Models (GCMs) or Energy Balance Models (EBMs) with geographical distributions of surface temperature trends, suggest that the solar influence on climate is greater than would be anticipated from radiative forcing estimates.

Published estimates of anthropogenic CO2 now stored in the upper ocean layers and affecting pH has been based on «the assumption that ocean circulation and the biological pump have operated in a steady state since preindustrial times» (Sabine 2010).

Despite such different scales, physical determinants of condensation intensity and drastically varying P values theoretical estimates (3) and (5) successfully describe the Hadley cell as well as much more compact and transient circulation phenomena (see (Makarieva, Gorshkov, 2011) and (Makarieva et al., 2011) for details).

However, it is noteworthy that the current paradigm with its heat - driven circulation is exactly in the same position — but additionally lacking working theoretical estimates of total circulation power that we already have.

We note that this is the first and only theoretical estimate of the power of global circulation currently available.

What purely physical principle did Walker and Schneider appeal to in estimating the poleward energy flux of the Hadley circulation at 4.8 PW in Figure 5 of http://www.clidyn.ethz.ch/papers/annrev06.pdf (the paper Anastassia referenced above)?

Our estimates suggest that the global mean power at which this potential energy is released by condensation is around one per cent of the global solar power — this is similar to the known stationary dissipative power of general atmospheric circulation.

Our paper (discussed in this post) shows that we can estimate the power of global atmospheric circulation.

Accordingly, in our estimate of the global circulation power we use global mean precipitation P which characterizes both regions where the air is ascending and precipitation is high and regions where the air descends and precipitation is low.

First, we note that the mean global power of atmospheric circulation estimated from (5) is about 4 W m − 2, which is in close agreement with the best observational estimates.

To estimate the amount of precipitation, Ghosh's team measured a common paleoclimate proxy for temperature, humidity, and atmospheric circulation.

Processes contributing to interannual steric sea level variability are studied over the period 1993 — 2004 using an observationally - constrained ocean state estimate produced by the ECCO («Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean») consortium.