Not exact matches
The researchers identified several hundred differences in methylation associated with either Mexican or Puerto Rican ethnicity, but discovered that only three - quarters of the epigenetic difference between the two
ethnic subgroups could be accounted for
by differences in the children's genetic ancestry.
The rest of the epigenetic differences, the authors suggest, may reflect a biological stamp made
by the different experiences, practices, and environmental exposures distinct to the two
ethnic subgroups.
The report gives only passing attention to the positive impact of NCLB on the education of the most disadvantaged students, a consequence of the requirement to report performance
by specific
subgroups (e.g., racial and
ethnic groups and the economically disadvantaged).
But this provision was likely to have harmed its intended beneficiaries,
by arbitrarily sanctioning schools that enroll students from several different racial or
ethnic subgroups.
Our call for more studies on racial /
ethnic subgroup disparities echoes a recommendation published 15 years ago
by the AAP Task Force on Minority Children's Access to Pediatric Care that more attention be paid to the heterogeneity of API populations.24
The federal government is permitting many schools to escape accountability for the progress of racial or
ethnic subgroups under the No Child Left Behind Act, according to a computer analysis released
by the Associated Press last week.
For a school or district to make adequate yearly progress, both the overall student population and each
subgroup of students — major racial and
ethnic groups, children from low - income families, students with disabilities, and students with limited proficiency in English — must meet or exceed the target set
by the state.
Kopperud points out that the new law requires chronic absenteeism rates to be disaggregated
by all the significant
subgroups, including racial and
ethnic subgroups as well as
subgroups for homeless students and foster youth.
Under the new law's language, the information must be broken down
by various student
subgroups, including racial and
ethnic identity and disability status, as well as homeless and foster care students.
The main body of this report documents gross disparities in the use of out - of - school suspension experienced
by students with disabilities and those from historically disadvantaged racial,
ethnic, and gender
subgroups.
In addition, states are required to disaggregate these indicators, excluding English language proficiency,
by individual
subgroups of students, including those from low - income families, those from major racial and
ethnic groups, those with disabilities, and English language learners.
But ESSA also creates a pilot program allowing up to seven states to experiment with local assessments that could eventually be used statewide.73 As under NCLB, test results must be disaggregated and reported at the school level and
by student
subgroups, such as racial and
ethnic groups, students designated as economically disadvantaged, and students with disabilities.
By allowing states to ditch racial,
ethnic, and economic
subgroup categories and replace them with a super-
subgroup subterfuge that commingles poor and minority students into one, the administration is making it difficult for families, especially black, Latino, and Asian families who are joining the middle class for the first time and moving into suburbia — to get the information they need to make smart decisions for their kids, and impede them from helping to advance systemic reform.
The odds of having comorbid disorders are higher than expected
by chance for most racial /
ethnic subgroups, except when base rates of disorders were already high or when cell sizes were small.