Individuals with both ADHD and ODD have a considerably worse prognosis than individuals with either one of the disorders in terms of an increased risk to develop anxiety and depressive disorders as well as conduct disorder and
even antisocial personality disorder later in life [4, 35].
Not exact matches
For example, some have found significant differences between children with divorced and continuously married parents
even after controlling for
personality traits such as depression and
antisocial behavior in parents.59 Others have found higher rates of problems among children with single parents, using statistical methods that adjust for unmeasured variables that, in principle, should include parents»
personality traits as well as many genetic influences.60 And a few studies have found that the link between parental divorce and children's problems is similar for adopted and biological children — a finding that can not be explained by genetic transmission.61 Another study, based on a large sample of twins, found that growing up in a single - parent family predicted depression in adulthood
even with genetic resemblance controlled statistically.62 Although some degree of selection still may be operating, the weight of the evidence strongly suggests that growing up without two biological parents in the home increases children's risk of a variety of cognitive, emotional, and social problems.
Even though significant gene × gene interactions have not been extended to an
antisocial behavioral phenotype, a number of lines of research converge to show that dopaminergic polymorphisms have independent effects on a wide array of maladaptive and
antisocial phenotypes, such as compulsive gambling, alcohol consumption, and
antisocial personality traits [3, 17 — 19].
Other studies are adoption studies; for example, adoption studies of
antisocial personality disorder show that if a biological parent passes down his or her
antisocial disorder through genetics, then the child will suffer from the disorder
even within the adoptive environment, away from the biological parent.
Some of the genuinely good pop - psychology fun comes from essays on such topics as Dobby and self - mutilation; Lord Voldemort and
antisocial personality disorders; the romantic attachment styles of Ron, Harry, and Hermione; and, yes,
even Harry Potter therapy (step - by - step instruction on «learning to cast positive spells of thought instead of negative»).
When substance use and
antisocial behavior both began in childhood and continued into adulthood, both a substance use disorder and
antisocial personality disorder should be diagnosed if the criteria for both are met,
even though some
antisocial acts may be a consequence of the substance use disorder (e.g., illegal selling of drugs, thefts to obtain money for drugs).
For example, few studies controlled their results for the family histories of
antisocial personality disorder (FHaspd) in parents,
even though parental ASPD contributes to the development of behavioural problems in children (Puttler et al., 1998; Rutter et al., 1998).
Second,
even though we assessed parental ADHD and parental psychopathology, we did not specifically assess paternal
antisocial personality disorder or maternal stress, which both have been found to be related to the development of
antisocial behaviour disorders [33].