The indeterminate nature
of leadership in the
course of policy making, and the slippage that occurs as policy refinements accrue
during implementation, help to explain how policies succeed or fail.243 Particular instruments used to reformulate policy are less important, according to this perspective, than understanding how a particular policy issue got the governor «s or the legislative committee «s attention in the first place.244 A third image, the practitioner perspective, emerges from
studies of publicsector administrators; it
examines the tendency
of administrators to seek flexibility and autonomy in interpreting policies, and ways in which this tendency affects the broader process
of change.
In
Study 1, using a nationally representative sample
of youth (N > 7,000), we
examined whether conduct problems and lack
of guilt assessed
during ages 4 — 10 years predicted levels
of and changes in disinhibited traits over the
course of adolescence, and moderated associations between these traits and ASB.