And now, the province's opportunity to move up the value chain appears to have been weakened by the growing network of pipelines leading stateside, where
excess refinery capacity can be retrofitted to process bitumen at half the cost of building greenfield refineries in Canada.
In their discussion of the downstream (refining) industry, Chevron's thinking is similar to Carbon Tracker's [5], assuming that lower
refinery runs will lead to lower profitability and investment across the industry, with
excess capacity forced to be rationalised.