Not exact matches
It has done this by offering attractive interest rates on banks»
reserves held at the Fed, so the banks keep their
excess funds there instead of
lend them out to borrowers in the economy.
By paying interest on
excess reserves (IOER), the Fed rewards banks for keeping balances beyond what they need to meet their legal requirements; and by making overnight reverse repurchase agreements (ON - RRP) with various GSEs and money - market funds, it gets those institutions to
lend funds to it.
They need not borrow from each other to acquire earnings assets, but can
lend or invest their
excess reserves.
Of course those views were also wrong: the banking system can not immediately adjust to a large injection of
reserves; even absent interest on
excess reserves, it takes decades for new
reserves to expand the money supply as
lending opportunities are limited at a given point in time.
As I call it when I teach «Money and Banking,» this is Banking Rule # 1: No individual bank can
lend more than its
excess reserves, in this case $ 900.
This is hardly surprising, given that the Fed began paying interest on bank
reserves in October 2008 — a move designed to encourage banks to build up
excess reserves, instead of increasing
lending.
As Robert Higgs points out in a recent blog post, for increases in the monetary base to become increases in the supply of money, the banks have to cooperate by
lending out their
excess reserves.
Banking Rule # 1 does not say that fractional
reserve banks must
lend out their
excess reserves, only that they can not
lend more than their
excess reserves.
With fewer claims being made on their
reserves, some of their
reserves that were previously «desired
reserves» are now seen as «
excess reserves,» and Banking Rule # 1 is in play: these now
excess reserves can be
lent out in the form of a larger supply of bank liabilities (most likely in the form of new deposits granted to borrowers).
If the Fed doesn't raise the interest on
reserves rate, I suspect banks would be willing to
lend more, leaving fewer
excess reserves at the Fed, which could stimulate more inflation.
These
excess bank
reserves are
lent back and forth between banks on an overnight basis, at an interest rate known as the Federal Funds Rate.
Ironically, the Fed's policy of paying interest on
excess reserves may have created a disincentive for bank
lending.
Initially, the expansion of Federal Reserve credit was financed by reducing the Federal Reserve's holdings of Treasury securities, in order to avoid an increase in bank
reserves that would drive the federal funds rate below its target as banks sought to
lend out their
excess reserves.
Had sensible regulations been introduced to boost
lending to creditworthy borrowers, the
excess reserves would have declined markedly, financing much - needed investments in businesses and infrastructure.
Ironically, the Fed's policy of paying interest on
excess reserves may have created a disincentive for bank
lending.