Among participants who returned baseline questionnaires, we
excluded those who had a history of
cancer (except
nonmelanoma skin cancer), CVD, or diabetes at baseline, left more than 10 items blank on the baseline FFQ in the NHS and more than 70 items blank in the HPFS, or reported implausible energy intake levels (< 500 or > 3500 kcal / d for women, or < 800 or > 4200 kcal / d for men).