But such loss may be hardest on children, Carroll said, with preteens
exhibiting higher levels of depression and anxiety and adolescents being more likely to show attention problems and anger.
Not exact matches
Bacteria - free mice
exhibited higher levels of risk - taking, and neurochemical analysis revealed
higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol and altered
levels of the brain chemical BDNF, which has been implicated in human anxiety and
depression.
Children who witness violence are more likely than those who have not to
exhibit frequent aggressive and antisocial behavior, increased fearfulness,
higher levels of depression and anxiety, and have a greater acceptance
of violence as a means
of resolving conflict
Finally, in considering temperament as a vulnerability factor for
depression, it is important to note that in addition to behavioural inhibition several theorists have developed temperament models that link additional temperamental styles, particularly Positive Emotion (PE) and Negative Emotion (NE) to
depression.58 Many cross-sectional studies have reported that youth and adults with depressive symptoms
exhibit diminished
levels of PE and elevated
levels of NE59, 60,61 and the combination
of these have been associated with concurrent depressive symptoms in clinical62, 63 and community samples.61, 64,65 Furthermore, longitudinal studies have found that lower
levels of PE60, 66,67 and
higher level of NE in childhood68 - 70 predict the development
of depressive symptoms and disorders.
General indices regarding mental health
of mothers have been associated with their children's sleep, and less well - organized sleep patterns have been noted in children from poorly functioning families.113) Mothers
of children with sleep disturbances
exhibited much
higher psychological stress than did controls, obtaining increased scores on all factors
of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).114) Children's sleep quality significantly predicted that
of their mothers, with maternal sleep quality associated with stress and fatigue.115) Moreover, infants
of mothers with low
levels of depression and anxiety were more likely to recover from sleep problems than those with
high levels of depression and anxiety after controlling for the influence
of attachment patterns.116) Sleep disturbances in early childhood were positively related to negative maternal perceptions
of their child, 117) potentially interfering with the development
of beneficial parent - child interactions.