Other demands that were made, which were met, were that there be kind of a program of solo
exhibitions by Black artists at the Whitney and that actually did happen.
In recent months, Toronto art spaces have been host to many solo and group
exhibitions by Black artists, including Deanna Bowen at Mercer Union; Cauleen Smith, Camille Turner and Jerome Havre at TPW; Tau Lewis and Curtis Santiago at Cooper Cole; Siwa Mgoboza at Matter; Sandra Brewster at Georgia Scherman Projects; Dawoud Bey at Ryerson Image Centre; Isaac Julien at the ROM; and Zun Lee and Jalani Morgan at Ryerson Image Centre and Black Artists Network Dialogue.
Not exact matches
Two past
exhibitions offering images produced
by black artists and about
black subjects are «African American Masters: Highlights from the Smithsonian American Art Museum» and «African American Art: Harlem Renaissance, Civil Rights Era, and Beyond.»
Simone Leigh has used her agency as an
artist to turn her
exhibitions at various art institutions into platforms for everything from yoga classes to natural healing centers; at the New Museum this past summer, Leigh staged a protest and celebration
by 100
artists assembled under the name Black Women Artists for Black
artists assembled under the name
Black Women
Artists for Black
Artists for
Black Lives.
Black Unity, an
exhibition of 13 works
by eight African American
artists including Elizabeth Catlett, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Kara Walker, and Bob Thompson, is currently on view at Crystal Bridges through September 5.
At the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, an
exhibition of works
by Kelley Walker, a white, Georgia - born
artist, sparked a boycott over his use of racially and sexually charged images of
black people.
RADICALS II At the Brooklyn Museum in April, a smaller
exhibition, «We Wanted a Revolution:
Black Radical Women, 1965 - 85,» organized
by the museum's Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, came with work
by more than 40
artist - activists and a dynamite sourcebook - style catalog.
Black Light: The exhibition created by California College of the Art graduate students in curatorial practice addresses the relationship between cultural institutions and black art
Black Light: The
exhibition created
by California College of the Art graduate students in curatorial practice addresses the relationship between cultural institutions and
black art
black artists.
Other features include a lengthy, amazing conversation between Marshall and Los Angeles
artist Charles Gaines; an essay
by Greg Tate on the
artist's figures, which he calls «Marvellously
Black Familiars»; and a chronology illustrated
by the catalogs and brochures that have documented Marshall's
exhibitions over the years.
Featuring 28 works
by 19
artists — both
black and white — the
exhibition explores how visual perspectives of blackness «have been influenced at particular historical moments
by specific political, cultural, and aesthetic interests, as well as the motives and beliefs of the
artists.»
Work
by Williams and other AfriCOBRA
artists is featured in «Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of
Black Power,» the group
exhibition organized
by the Tate Modern in London, which is scheduled to debut in the United States at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art on Feb. 3, 2018, before traveling to the Brooklyn Museum.
ART AGENDA LISTS UPCOMING EVENTS,
EXHIBITION OPENINGS AND TALKS HAPPENING THIS WEEK IN
BLACK ART Ongoing Brooklyn, N.Y.: «Crossing Brooklyn: Art from Bushwick, Bed - Stuy, and Beyond,» a major survey of more than 100 works
by 35 Brooklyn - based
artists and collectives, includes Linda Goode Bryant and Project EATS, Aisha Cousins, Heather Hart, Steffani Jemison, Shantell...
The New York based gallery Ameringer McEnery Yohe has announced a forthcoming solo
exhibition by the Brooklyn based
artist Brian Alfred which will present recent works under the title It Takes A Million Years To Become Diamonds So Let's All Just Burn Like Coal Until The Sky Is
Black.
Co-organized
by Valerie Cassel Oliver and Dr. Andrea Barnwell - Brownlee, director of the Spelman College Museum of Fine Art, the
exhibition featured the contributions of
black women
artists to the cinematic and visual arts arenas.
The ICA is presenting
Black Beauty, the first major solo
exhibition in the UK
by American
artist Lutz Bacher.
NEWS At the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, an
exhibition of works
by Kelley Walker, a white, Georgia - born
artist, spark a boycott over his use of racially and sexually charged images of
black people.
2017 The Anxiety of Influence, Curated
by Alex Glauber, Chapter NY, New York, NY Metropolis, Simon Lee Gallery, New York, NY Ungestalt, Kunsthalle Basel, Basel, Switzerland Blue
Black, Curated
by Glenn Ligon, Pulitzer Arts Foundation, St. Louis, MO BALTIC
Artists» Award 2017 Group
Exhibition, BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead, UK In the Abstract, Mass MoCA, North Adams, MA
Compiled and edited
by exhibition curator Jason Andrew, the catalogue also features an essay
by the curator; two unpublished interviews with Tworkov and Irving Sandler; a reprint of the 1953 Art News article Tworkov Paints a Picture with essay
by Fairfield Porter and photographs
by Rudolph Burckhardt; historic photographs and unpublished contact sheets
by Robert Rauschenberg of Tworkov at
Black Mountain College 1952; as well as illustrated
artist chronology.
The
exhibition presents approximately 140 works
by thirty - two
artists active during this historical period, exploring the rising strength of the
black community in Los Angeles as well as the increasing political, social, and economic power of African Americans across the nation.
The lower gallery of the Belgian
artist's latest
exhibition at David Zwirner, London, is populated
by a chorus line of dancing figures cloaked in the
black robes and pointed hoods of a Bunraku puppeteer.
BLACK & BLUE LITERARY JOURNAL New York, July 23, 2013 — C24 Gallery is pleased to announce the first solo
exhibition in New York
by London - based
artist Robert Montgomery.
The
exhibition begins
by considering Rauschenberg's early Proto - Pop experiments at
Black Mountain College, a hotbed for innovation in the late 1940s and early 1950s where he embarked on his first collaborations with fellow
artists and friends John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Jasper Johns, David Tudor, Cy Twombly and Susan Weil.
MUST - SEE
EXHIBITION openings and interesting talks and appearances happening this week in
black art: Through June 21, 2014 Brenna Youngblood at Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis A selection of muted abstracts
by Los Angeles - based
artist Brenna Youngblood are on view at the Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis.
Inspired
by a quote from political activist and theorist Thomas Paine and featuring work
by highly regarded American
artists Radcliffe Bailey, Mark Bradford, Ellen Gallagher, Glenn Ligon, Kerry James Marshall, Adam Pendelton, Lorna Simpson, Hank Willis Thomas, Kara Walker, and examples from the
Black Panther Collection, the
exhibition opens on Oct. 25.
From the influences of African art on the Modernist forms of
artists like Picasso, to the work of contemporary
artists such as Kara Walker, Ellen Gallagher and Chris Ofili, the
exhibition will map out visual and cultural hybridity in modern and contemporary art that has arisen from the journeys made
by people of
Black African descent.
Included in the
exhibition are works
by Marina Adams,
Black Women
Artists for
Black Lives Matter, Lucas Blalock, Alex Dodge, Carroll Dunham, RJ Messineo, Beatriz Milhazes, Matt Mullican, Adam Novak, Toyin Ojih Odutola, Laura Owens, Trevor Paglen, Hanna Sandin, Robert Smithson, Joseph Stabilito, Ruth Vollmer, Peixuan Wang, and Jack Whitten.
EXHIBITION «Hands Up, Don't Shoot:
Artists Respond,» a direct response to the Michael Brown killing organized
by the Alliance of
Black Gallery owners opens in and around St. Louis on Oct. 17 at 14 venues.
If you didn't see those
exhibitions last year, then you really must not miss «Soul of a Nation: Art in the Age of
Black Power,» works
by 60 of America's finest African - America
artists from the 1960s to the 1980s.
Curated
by Nicole J. Caruth, the
exhibition focuses on «contemporary
artists who Grace Jones has influenced and inspired, and
artists who address
black bodies and queer identity in ways that recall aspects of Jones» oeuvre,» she said in an interview with Crave.
This past weekend we were invited to attended the opening reception of
Black Moon, a very special two - day
exhibition at Sloan Fine Art featuring new works
by four amazingly talented Los Angeles based
artists, Jessicka Addams, Camille Rose Garcia, Elizabeth McGrath, and Marion Peck.
Drawing from the British context as point of departure, and the wave of
exhibitions by Black British
artists — highlighting the recurrence of the issues they addressed in the 1980s and demonstrating the continued relevance of their art to this day — this project is the result of ongoing conversations with
artists who have always been alert to the fragility of democracies and concerned with the pockets of exclusions that exist in the so - called «Free World».
Pure
Black, New Works
by Paul Stephen Benjamin at the Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia (September 23 — November 18, 2017), a Working
Artist Project exhibition, was the artist's most successful show to
Artist Project
exhibition, was the
artist's most successful show to
artist's most successful show to date.
All of this and nothing features more than 60 works, much of it created for the
exhibition,
by fourteen
artists: Karla
Black, Charles Gaines, Evan Holloway, Sergej Jensen, Ian Kiaer, Jorge Macchi, Dianna Molzan, Fernando Ortega, Eileen Quinlan, Gedi Sibony, Paul Sietsema, Frances Stark, Mateo Tannatt and Kerry Tribe.
Darby English Named Consultant to MoMA Recognizing his expertise in works
by black artists, the Museum of Modern Art has hired Darby English (left) as a consulting curator to strengthen its holdings and
exhibition programs in this area.
The
exhibition (22 June - 10 September 2017) presents work
by over twenty
black artists and collectives working in 1980s Britain.
The
Artist and the Model, a portfolio of twelve intaglio prints, is published by Sylvan Cole at Associated American Artists, New York; receives a Tamarind Artist Fellowship and travels to the Tamarind Lithography Workshop in Los Angeles, where he produces thirty - four editions of primarily black - and - white lithographs that continue the Artist and the Model theme; begins using the airbrush, which he had learned from the artist Billy Al Bengston while at Tamarind; sees the exhibition Edgar Degas: Monotypes at the Fogg Art Museum and subsequently begins making monotypes; in Boston co-founds Artists against Racism and the War and collaborates with Fred Stone on The American Way Room (fig), an antiwar installation piece that is shown throughout the Boston area and subsequently travels to New York, Atlanta, Syracuse, and Philadelphia; solo exhibitions: Associated American Artists, New York (The Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington, Ken
Artist and the Model, a portfolio of twelve intaglio prints, is published
by Sylvan Cole at Associated American
Artists, New York; receives a Tamarind
Artist Fellowship and travels to the Tamarind Lithography Workshop in Los Angeles, where he produces thirty - four editions of primarily black - and - white lithographs that continue the Artist and the Model theme; begins using the airbrush, which he had learned from the artist Billy Al Bengston while at Tamarind; sees the exhibition Edgar Degas: Monotypes at the Fogg Art Museum and subsequently begins making monotypes; in Boston co-founds Artists against Racism and the War and collaborates with Fred Stone on The American Way Room (fig), an antiwar installation piece that is shown throughout the Boston area and subsequently travels to New York, Atlanta, Syracuse, and Philadelphia; solo exhibitions: Associated American Artists, New York (The Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington, Ken
Artist Fellowship and travels to the Tamarind Lithography Workshop in Los Angeles, where he produces thirty - four editions of primarily
black - and - white lithographs that continue the
Artist and the Model theme; begins using the airbrush, which he had learned from the artist Billy Al Bengston while at Tamarind; sees the exhibition Edgar Degas: Monotypes at the Fogg Art Museum and subsequently begins making monotypes; in Boston co-founds Artists against Racism and the War and collaborates with Fred Stone on The American Way Room (fig), an antiwar installation piece that is shown throughout the Boston area and subsequently travels to New York, Atlanta, Syracuse, and Philadelphia; solo exhibitions: Associated American Artists, New York (The Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington, Ken
Artist and the Model theme; begins using the airbrush, which he had learned from the
artist Billy Al Bengston while at Tamarind; sees the exhibition Edgar Degas: Monotypes at the Fogg Art Museum and subsequently begins making monotypes; in Boston co-founds Artists against Racism and the War and collaborates with Fred Stone on The American Way Room (fig), an antiwar installation piece that is shown throughout the Boston area and subsequently travels to New York, Atlanta, Syracuse, and Philadelphia; solo exhibitions: Associated American Artists, New York (The Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington, Ken
artist Billy Al Bengston while at Tamarind; sees the
exhibition Edgar Degas: Monotypes at the Fogg Art Museum and subsequently begins making monotypes; in Boston co-founds Artists against Racism and the War and collaborates with Fred Stone on The American Way Room (fig), an antiwar installation piece that is shown throughout the Boston area and subsequently travels to New York, Atlanta, Syracuse, and Philadelphia; solo exhibitions: Associated American Artists, New York (The Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington,
exhibition Edgar Degas: Monotypes at the Fogg Art Museum and subsequently begins making monotypes; in Boston co-founds
Artists against Racism and the War and collaborates with Fred Stone on The American Way Room (fig), an antiwar installation piece that is shown throughout the Boston area and subsequently travels to New York, Atlanta, Syracuse, and Philadelphia; solo
exhibitions: Associated American
Artists, New York (The
Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington, Ken
Artist and the Model); Comsky Gallery, Los Angeles; group
exhibitions: Contemporary American Graphic
Artists, Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten, Amsterdam (travels); New Expressions in Fine Printmaking, National Collection of Fine Arts, Washington, D.C. (travels in Germany and Belgium); 16th National Print
Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington,
Exhibition, Brooklyn Museum, New York; Annual
Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington,
Exhibition, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Graphics» 68: Recent American Prints, University of Lexington, Kentucky.
Rituals since 1851», Fondazione La Triennale di Milano, Milan, Italy (2015); «Chercher le Garçon», MAC / VAL, Paris, France (2015); «Staying Power: Photographs of
Black British Experience 1950s - 1990s», Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England (2015); «Progress», The Foundling Museum, London, England (2014); «Study from the Human Body», Stephen Friedman Gallery, London, England (2014); «The Divine Comedy: Heaven, Hell, Purgatory revisited
by Contemporary African
Artists», Frankfurt MMK, Germany; travels to Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, Washington, USA; Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain; Correo Venezia, Venice; Hayward Gallery, London, England (2014); «Education», Vögele Kultur Zentrum, Pfäffikon, Switzerland (2013); «Victoriana: The Art of Revival», Guildhall Art Gallery, London, England (2013); «Earth Matters: Land as Material and Metaphor in the Arts of Africa», Smithsonian Institute, National Museum of African Art, Washington DC, USA (2013); «The Desire for Freedom: Art in Europe since 1945», Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany (2012); «Six Yards, Guaranteed Real Dutch Wax
Exhibition», Museum of Modern Art, Arnhem, Netherlands (2012); and «Migrations: Journeys into British Art», Tate Britain, London, England (2012).
«
Black Moon» is a two - day only
exhibition featuring all new works
by California based
artists Jessicka Addams, Camille Rose Garcia, Elizabeth McGrath and Marion Peck.
Black Beauty is the first major solo
exhibition in the UK
by American
artist Lutz Bacher.
The archive contains a collection of paperworks, catalogues and images
by and about
black artists from
exhibitions held internationally during the 1980s and early 1990s, including Chris Ofili, Sonia Boyce, Lubaina Himid, Claudette Johnson, Ingrid Pollard, to name but a few.
A set of four small paintings
by American contemporary
artist Anthony Leone from the
artist's
Black Box Series, which are currently featured in the
artist's solo
exhibition Grape Far...
Cutting a swathe through 500 years of history, and tracing not only the movement of
artists but also the circulation of visual languages and ideas, this
exhibition will include works
by artists from Lely, Kneller, Kauffman to Sargent, Epstein, Mondrian, Bomberg, Bowling and the
Black Audio Film Collective as well as recent work
by contemporary
artists.
The new building, designed
by Adjaye Associates, with Cooper Robertson as executive architects and program planning consultants, will enable the Studio Museum to better serve its growing and diverse audiences, provide additional educational opportunities to museumgoers from toddlers to seniors, expand its world - renowned
exhibitions of art
by artists of African descent and influenced and inspired
by black culture, and effectively display its singular collection of artwork from the nineteenth century to the present day.
Carrie Mae Weems's «Blue
Black Boy» (1997), part of «Blue
Black,» an
exhibition curated
by the
artist Glenn Ligon at the Pulitzer Arts Foundation in St. Louis.
This
exhibition of paintings featuring the color
black — all of relatively small size to enhance visual coherence — was curated
by the German
artist Ivo Ringe and the American
artist, Joe Barnes.
Call me only if you are in the gutter, Grice Bench, Los Angeles, CA Exalted Position, curated
by Vlad Smolkin, Peter Blum Gallery, New York, NY Pipe Dream, presented
by Night Gallery and Rachel Uffner Gallery, 170 Suffolk Street New York, NY Gallery
Artist Group Show, Rachel Uffner Gallery, New York, NY TDW: Three Way Weekend, Blum & Poe, Art Los Angeles Contemporary, and ROGERS, Los Angeles, CA 2015 The John Riepenhoff Experience, Misako & Rosen, Tokyo, Japan Intimacy in Discourse: Unreasonable Sized Paintings, School of Visual Arts Chelsea Gallery, New York, NY Let's Be Real, Projekt 722, New York, NY 2014 The Crystal Palace, Rachel Uffner Gallery, New York, NY QUALIA, FJORD Gallery, Philadelphia, PA 2013 The Room and its Inhabitants, organized
by Patrick Howlett, Susan Hobbs Gallery, Toronto, Canada The 2013 deCordova Biennial (with Dushko Petrovich), deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA 2012 Love, curated
by Stephen Truax, One River Gallery, Engelwood, NJ Art on Paper 2012, curated
by Xandra Eden, Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC Take Shelter in the World, curated
by Dushko Petrovich, Boston University Art Gallery, Boston, MA In Plain Sight, organized
by Nicole Russo and Lumi Tan, Mitchell - Innes & Nash, New York, NY 2011 The Idea of the Thing That it Isn't, curated
by Rachel Uffner, Halsey McKay, East Hampton, NY Channel to the New Image, Friedrich Petzel Gallery, New York, NY
Exhibition of Work
by Newly Elected Members and Recipients of Honors and Awards, American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, NY Paper A-Z, Sue Scott Gallery, New York, NY Invitational
Exhibition of Visual Arts, American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, NY Battle of the Brush, organized
by Corporate Art Solutions at Bryant Park, New York, NY 2010 The Pencil Show, Foxy Production, New York, NY ITEM, Mitchell - Innes & Nash, New York, NY S (l) umm (er) ing on Madison Avenue, curated
by Jo - ey Tang, The Notary Public, New York, NY Kristin Calabrese, Andy Parker, Mary Weatherford, Roger White, Kathryn Brennan Gallery, Los Angeles, CA 2009 What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid», curated
by Ryan Steadman, 106 Green Gallery, Brooklyn, NY Cave Painting: Installment # 2, organized
by Bob Nickas, Gresham's Ghost, New York, NY The Audio Show, organized
by Seth Kelly, Friedrich Petzel Gallery, New York, NY 2008 The Merits of Silence, Gallery Min Min, Tokyo 2007 Heralds of Creative Anachronism, D'Amelio Terras, New York, NY The Price of Nothing, EFA Gallery, NY 2006 Mystic River, Southfirst, Brooklyn, NY / Arcadia University, Glenside, PA 2005 Kevin Bruk Gallery, Miami, FL You Are Here, Ballroom Marfa, Marfa, TX The Most Splendid Apocalypse, PPOW Gallery, New York, NY Crits» Pix,
Black and White Gallery, Brooklyn, NY 2004 Halloween Horror Films,, Southfirst Gallery, Brooklyn NY Summery Summary, 58 N3, Brooklyn, NY 2003 Dreamy, ZieherSmith Gallery, New York, NY Escape from New York, New Jersey Center for Visual Arts, Summit, NJ Late to Work Everyday, Dupreau Gallery, Chicago, IL 2001 Learnedamerica, P.P.O.W. Gallery, New York, NY Tirana Bienalle 1, National Gallery, Tirana, Albania 2000 Columbia University M.F.A. Thesis Show, Brooklyn, NY 1999 All Terrain, Friedrich Petzel Gallery, New York, NY Wight Biennial, UCLA Wight Gallery, Los Angeles, CA 1998 Episode 1, Gair Building, Brooklyn, NY
The following selection of 57 gallery and museum
exhibitions, organized
by opening date, demonstrates whether you are in New York or elsewhere, while there are not nearly enough, there are increasingly more opportunities to see compelling, insightful, and innovative art
by black artists.
Included in the
exhibition are several large - scale
black and white photographs that the
artist created
by using a 400,000 - volt Van De Graaff -LSB-.....]
Culture Type - For Your Summer Agenda, 49 U.S.
Exhibitions Featuring Works
by Black Artists The International Review of African American Art Plus - A Look Inside: Eliza's Cabinet of Curiosities Art City Asks: Fo Wilson Wisconsin Gazette - A cabinet of curiosities in a cabin Art City: Using objects to explore, reimagine a slave's world Arts Without Borders: A «peculiar curiosity» lurks in the Lynden Scupture Garden's back woods
SCAD Museum of Art presents «Fade Into
Black,» a solo
exhibition by Mexico City - based
artist Pia Camil.