I need to emphasize the actuality of the superject (or, what is the same, the superjective
existence of the actuality) because the misinterpretation of the principle of process has often gone hand in hand with the mistaken belief that «actuality» can be properly predicated of an occasion only while it is in the process of becoming.3 This widespread and deeply rooted mistake deserves more attention than I can give it here without digressing extensively from my main thesis.
In this sense, a genetic phase exists before» the satisfaction, but this is not
the existence of actuality, but of a multiplicity in propositional unity seeking concretion.
Not exact matches
After that point an actual entity has only objective
existence, whereby it serves as an «object» in the constitution
of a superseding
actuality and becomes a datum for the creative advance (PR 72).
As Hartshorne readily acknowledges, the concrete state
of a thing, i.e., its
actuality, is always more than bare
existence (MFA 329).
But if there has always been a realm
of finite
actualities, and if the
existence of such a realm (though not with any particular order) is as eternal and necessary as is the
existence of God, then it also makes sense to think
of eternally necessary principles descriptive
of their possible relationships... [T] his correlation between freedom and intrinsic value is a necessary one, rather than a result
of divine arbitrariness (PTE 711).
This rejection
of uncreated and hence necessary principles fits with the doctrine that the
existence of finite
actualities is strictly contingent, and that they were created out
of absolute nothingness.
But there is another set
of images or «clues» that we must deal with if we are to attend not just seriously but honestly to the concrete
actualities of our embodied
existence.
He holds that Hartshorne does not develop an adequate concept
of aesthetics in relation to metaphysics, and that his distinction between
existence and
actuality is hopelessly unclear.
Perhaps he was checked from claiming that all being depended for its
existence upon becoming because this apparently denied the
actuality of the distantly past.
This is not fall as a primordial and distant event, but as a continual and present process, a process that has become identical with the very
actuality of existence itself.
God's passivity in terms
of his abstract
existence is absolute and necessary, for nothing occurs which does not occur in his experience also; in terms
of his concrete
actuality his passivity is contingent and relative for it depends on what actually occurs to be experienced.
Hence, in the general sense in which the notion
of actuality is tied to the notion
of self - realization, the superjective
existence of an occasion is as actual as its subjective
existence.
SP as the state
of being harboring the thoughts
of existences to be transmuted from possibilities to
actualities may be compared to the notion
of God - for - us, the ishvara
of Hinduism in Panikker, and the notion
of cit in Upadhyaya.
For the
actuality of the faith
of Biblical and post-Biblical Judaism and also for the Jesus
of the Sermon on the Mount, fulfillment
of the Torah means to extend the hearing
of the Word to the whole dimension
of human
existence.
There was the antidualistic motive: belief that some such
actualities are without any experience
of their own, when joined to the fact that the human
existence with which philosophic thought must begin is just a series
of experiences, makes it impossible to think
of these extremes as contrasting but connected instances
of one basic kind
of actuality.
Everything that is actual participates in the same kind
of existence, what might be called the essence or nature
of actuality.
Existence and
actuality are related by the same general principles that govern other ultimate contrasts such as necessity and contingency, independence and dependence, everlasting and temporal, and abstract and concrete (to name four
of the twenty - one contrasts that Hartshorne lists).
He draws a three-fold distinction among essence (the most abstract feature
of what a thing is),
existence (the fact that a thing is), and
actuality (the particular characteristics that qualify an existing thing).
They recovered the classical experience
of reason as the potential infinity
of human questions, showing how this dynamic «ratio» as a desire for understanding is healed and transformed by the paschal - metanoetic experience
of faith in the Sophia - Cod
of compassion and love.4 Aquinas, for example, understood God as «intimately present within everything that exists since God is
existence» and that Cod's omnipotence — Aquinas wrote very little about it — regards not
actualities but possibilities, and is best manifested in forgiveness and compassionate mercy.5
Moreover, in the divine case, essence (what God is) and
existence (that God is) are the same.12 Thus, Hartshorne usually speaks
of the distinction between
existence and
actuality.
«Even when the coordinate
existence of the two types
of actualities is abandoned, there is no proper fusion
of the two in modern schools
of thought.
Although God as an individual is as contingent in
actuality, or with respect to the events embodying the divine individuality, as any individual must be, the
existence of God as the one universal, all - inclusive individual is categorially different from that
of all other particular, partly exclusive individuals in being necessary (245 - 60).
In the first place, the line as a whole is established on «creativity»; that is, on the potentiality
of things to come into
existence as concrete
actualities.
But the memory with which the historian is concerned, in so far as it reproduces facts
of the past in their purely worldly
actuality, is
of wholly different order, and memory in that sense can imperil and even destroy «historic»
existence, as Nietzsche showed in Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie für das Leben.
It is the complete
Actuality and eternity and infinity
of God's
Existence that show the inadequacy
of the analogy but at the same time help to enlighten us as well in what this means for God's own Life.
This excludes from his being all those distinctions, so familiar in the world
of finite things, between potentiality and
actuality, substance and accidents, being and activity,
existence and attributes.
This does not present us with facts
of the past in their bare
actuality, nor does it lead to encounter with human
existence and its interpretation, but, as a sacramental event, it re-presents the events
of the past in such a way that it renews them, and thus becomes a personal encounter for me.
By contrast, Niebuhr maintained that faith apprehends the
actuality of our
existence in, with and before God — that theological ideas not only order human life, but also refer to experienced realities.
Hence, every category that applies either to God's
existence or his
actuality applies as the supreme instance or the «supercase»
of that category.
God's
existence does not compete with the
existence of any other individuals whatever, for it is compatible with any sort
of actuality at all.
For Hartshorne, the reality
of God necessarily includes both his abstract
existence and his concrete
actuality.
Any such conception as knowledge, value,
actuality, truth, goodness, or beauty could, by proper analysis, be shown to imply the others and the necessity
of God's
existence.
The reality
of it is this: that we incline to define ourselves, take the measure
of our
actuality, admit as educative and civilizing, acknowledge as relevant and powerful — only that in experience or reflection which is authenticated by its occurrence within the biographical brackets
of the self's
existence.
Harishorne repeatedly reiterates his affirmation that the theistic arguments only demonstrate the
existence of God and that they tell us nothing whatever about God's concrete
actuality.
Thus it was indeed Whitehead's «particular contribution» through his reformed subjectivist principle to make freedom and self - determination a necessary characteristic
of all
actualities, «from God to the «most trivial puff
of existence in empty space (TVF 41, 24; cf. also PR 18 / 28).
In the latter, a higher - level
of actuality has emerged, thereby giving the society as a whole a unity
of experience and activity Kim's position, however, does not allow for such a distinction: «Atoms and their mereological aggregates exhaust all
of concrete
existence....
Walter Leibrecht [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959], p. 178, as cited by Ogden, «The Experience
of God: Critical Reflections on Hartshorne's Theory
of Analogy,» in
Existence and
Actuality: Conversations with Charles Hartshorne, ed.
Among these are perception, the question
of time,
existence and
actuality, personal identity, and the nature
of God.
In a subtler sense, on the other hand, even the most trivial item
of actuality, let us say a rock, is «more» than all the PN put together, simply by virtue
of its
existence and
actuality.
Perception in the mode
of causal efficacy understood as the interrelatedness
of the universe as it impinges upon the individual without the specificity and clarity
of presentational immediacy could yield an experience
of an unqualifiable unity at the base
of all
existence as one perceived the
actuality of concrescence.
God is deficient in concrete
actuality, as Whitehead said, because every time the adjusting
of abstract possibilities to concrete events butts up against complete definiteness, the
existence that makes the final decision shifts from God to the presently emerging creatures.
This divine element, as the ground for the entry
of the forms, justifies the general Aristotelian principle that all entities, including the forms, depend for their
existence upon
actualities.
But, as we have already noted, Griffin says that Premise X entails the
existence of powerless
actualities.
If possibility and
actuality could be united to become necessity, they would become an absolutely different essence, which is not a kind
of change; and in becoming necessity or the necessary, they would become that which alone
of all things excludes coming into
existence, which is just as impossible as it is self - contradictory.
But such a being, which is nevertheless a non-being, is precisely what possibility is; and a being which is being is indeed actual being or
actuality; and the change
of coming into
existence is a transition from possibility to
actuality.
As Thomas Aquinas repeatedly mentions, «to know» means, as a first approximation, that a being is not just itself as this determinate
actuality, but also is another, that is, by holding in itself other «forms,» purely as forms, without at the same time itself having the real being that normally attaches to those forms.7 In this perspective, «knowing» expresses the possession
of a multiplicity
of forms that extends beyond the formal
existence of the knower and includes forms that the knower in reality is not.
So transferring the existential valence
of existing to «
actuality»» has the logical effect
of reducing our ordinary sense
of «existing» to that
of «self identity» and so picture the act
of creation as one
of adding
existence to already constituted individuals.
But humanity, as the poets tell us, can not bear much reality; and we escape the pain
of our condition by resentment, a resentment attempting to reverse or even to leap out
of the
actuality of existence.
By turning away from the totality
of the present, we engage in a regressive movement dissolving the
actuality of the immediate moment, thereby disengaging ourselves from the fullness and the finality
of existence.
He challenges us to ask:»... how are we to think coherently
of a single, unbroken, flowing
actuality of existence as a whole, containing both thought (consciousness) and external reality as we experience it?