Recreational and other human disturbance, loss of habitat to urban development, introduction of beachgrass and other nonnative species, and
expanding predator populations have all contributed to a decline in active nesting areas and in the size of the breeding and wintering populations.
The researchers also found that moose mortality was higher at the edges of an
expanding bear
population than in the center of the bear
population, leading them to conclude that moose with less exposure to
predators were more likely to be killed.