Not exact matches
Experiments in animal cells have shown that although these
genes are required to form pluripotent stem cells during development, they are not powerful enough
on their own to overcome the epigenetic programming of a mature cell and convert it to a pluripotent stem cell directly.
Those who feel there is something «unnatural» about introducing human
genes into animals or plants forget that we share a high proportion of our
genes with these species already: it is precisely this collective heritage that allows
experiments on frogs to spawn treatments for human cancer.
The UNC collaborators
on the study team, led by Timothy C. Nichols, MD, performed
gene therapy
experiments using the well - established dog colony at their institution.
With no viable testing mechanism
on the horizon, it is possible that at least one of the 10,000 - plus Olympic competitors in Beijing this summer will have
experimented with
gene doping.
Experiments with these mice suggest TREM2 is important for steering microglia toward amyloid and turning
on genes that rev up their cleanup capabilities.
In one
experiment with human cells, a guide RNA should have led the Cas9 enzyme only to a
gene on chromosome 2 (yellow bar), but it also directed the enzyme to many off - target sites (red)
on several other chromosomes.
Experiments on it have illustrated what
genes are made of, confirmed Darwinian evolution, and helped sequence the human genome.
In
experiments on cell cultures, both of these inhibitors succeeded in breaking various forms of the TKI resistance: including forms caused by additional mutations of the
gene Bcr - Abl as well as those caused by large quantities of the protein Gab2.
In one of his team's first
experiments, a light - sensing
gene coded to «turn
on» the right side of the motor cortex was put into mice.
In their
experiments, the scientists showed that mutations in these
genes shift the G proteins to a permanent «
on» or active status, which results in over-activation the Yes - associated protein (YAP).
In the latest
experiments the Mitalipov group focused
on snipping out the mutated
gene in heterozygous cells — a situation in which there was still a «good» nonmutated copy available for the natural cellular repair systems in the embryo to use as a template for repair after the researchers edited out the problematic one.
In future
experiments, Lahn will insert the human ASPM
gene into mice to see what affect it has
on brain development.
«Margery's
experiments showed that the NS1 protein can alter expression of Hedgehog target
genes on its own, without other viral proteins,» said Bier, professor and newly named holder of the Tata Chancellor's Endowed Professorship in Cell and Developmental Biology.
Further
experiments showed that each iPS cell line had a different pattern of DNA methylation, a molecular coating of the DNA that turns
genes on or off in the cell.
«In our
experiments, our nanoparticles successfully delivered a test
gene to brain cancer cells in mice, where it was then turned
on,» says Jordan Green, Ph.D., an assistant professor of biomedical engineering and neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Prof Robin Lovell Badge, Crick Institute,
on the science: «The
experiments reported by Junjiu Huang and colleagues (Liang et al) in the journal Protein Cell
on gene editing in abnormally fertilised human embryos are, I expect, the first of several that we will see this year.
Schiffman and his team conducted another series of
experiments in the laboratory
on blood samples from adult African elephants to find how these
genes respond to DNA damage in the elephant cells.
Based
on experiments with mice, some scientists had speculated that cilia nestled in a dimple at the top of the embryo called the node might push fluid down the left side of the embryo, carrying a signal that somehow triggers certain
genes to activate.
If we knew what those functions were, then maybe we'd have a better way of manipulating these cells, so I'd be keen
on performing some
experiments to explore what these other
genes do.
With no viable testing mechanism
on the horizon, the possibility remains that at least one of the 10,000 - plus Olympic competitors in Athens this summer will have
experimented with
gene doping.
In one
experiment this year, a team led by another CRISPR pioneer, Feng Zhang of the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, targeted the 20,000 or so known human
genes, turning them
on one by one in groups of cells to identify those involved in resistance to a melanoma drug.
Just a couple of months ago, a UK - based team were given the go - ahead to
experiment on human embryos, with the aim of identifying
genes linked to embryo health, fertility and miscarriage.
Any policy
on human
gene editing will also have to account for the DIY biology community — «citizen researchers» who do their own low - budget genetic
experiments.
But in September last year the team announced it had applied to conduct genome editing
on these embryos — five months after researchers in China had reported
experiments applying CRISPR — Cas9 genome editing to non-viable human embryos, which sparked a debate about how or whether to draw the line
on gene - editing in human embryos.
Still, this finding will allow Valdar, Crowley, Sullivan, and other scientists to design
experiments that home in
on those sets of
genes.
A series of such
experiments suggests that virulence can be tuned — turned
on or off, exaggerated or attenuated — by modulating the
genes for quorum sensing.
To start, the scientists examined previous
experiments and identified several transcription factors — managerial proteins that switch
on the activity of large sets of
genes — that seemed crucial to the ability of immature neurons to develop into adult sensory neurons.
If,
on the other hand, what you hear about is
experiments in which previously known modules like
genes are swapped around, then expect a more dismal, softwarelike biotechnology.
Light played a key role in the
experiment because it allowed the researchers to switch
on genes that they had added to the yeast cells.
Moreover,
experiments performed
on all
genes transcribed within the cell demonstrated that the same mechanism is at work for many temperature - sensitive
genes.
Experiments in mice suggested an important role in long - term memory for CREB, one of many so - called transcription factors, proteins that switch
genes on and off.
Experiments can then shed light
on the role of the
genes in development, aging and disease.
In a second series of
experiments, Fukaya showed that a single enhancer can activate simultaneously two
genes that are located some distance apart
on the genome and have separate promoters.
A key future
experiment will involve attaching a malaria - resistance
gene to the Myd88 code engineered to get switched
on in the offspring during early development.
Other results from the
experiment conducted
on Medaka and recently published in a PLOS ONE paper identified 11
genes involved in changes in other tissues, including the brain and intestines.
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory», of the origin of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,» of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone
gene gene expression
gene mapping
gene pool
gene therapy
gene transfer General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow -
On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate
Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
The researchers performed a final series of
experiments to narrow down the list of reprogramming factors to the essential few, settling
on the
genes for four factors: OCT3 / 4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC.
On Aug. 3, the scientific article in Nature finally gave us some facts about the much - hyped
experiments that involved editing the genomes of human embryos at the Center for Embryonic Cell and
Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Science University.
The choice of Ng2 - Cre was based
on reporter
gene experiments (Supplementary Fig. 6) as well as the surprising finding that Pdgfrb - Cre mice33 did not prove suitable to pericyte - specifically delete Tie2.
«The
experiments reported by Junjiu Huang and colleagues (Liang et al) in the journal Protein Cell
on gene editing in abnormally fertilised human embryos are, I expect, the first of several that we will see this year.
For example, mutants may be characterized by comparing their transcript profiles to those obtained in other
experiments querying the effects
on gene expression of many experimental factors including treatments, mutations and pathogen infections.
On Monday, Britain's Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority greenlighted
experiments that will attempt to edit the
genes of human embryos.
In laboratory
experiments the researchers mimicked the way SOX9 is stabilized in brain tumor cells and showed how SOX9 turned
on 40 to 50
genes in the tumor to make it more resistant to chemotherapy and more prone to spread.
So far, two - thirds of HARs tested for enhancer activity turned
on a
gene during development.4 For 26 HAR enhancers, we repeated the
experiment with the human sequences.
After
experimenting on cell culture, the scientists found that three
genes are responsible for uncombable hair: PADI3, TGM3 and TCHH.
Rigorous
experiments in animals have given way to clinical trials of drugs that target the HD
gene in people, and there are more techniques for decreasing or eliminating huntingtin
on the horizon.
Another team of Chinese researchers, in Guangzhou, have already done an
experiment editing the
genes of (non-viable) human embryos; in December, a number of the world's leading researchers met in Washington, D.C. to discuss the ethics behind using CRISPR
on humans.
If there are no negative effects
on plant regeneration as a result of either expression or knockout of the
gene of interest, and the genotype of interest, then the expected recovery per
experiment is five to ten independent transgenic lines.
Experiments like these intensified calls for a moratorium
on such research, and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine launched the Human
Gene - Editing Initiative to sort through the complex scientific and ethical issues they raise.
Dr. Kissler and his team had previously conducted similar
experiments on other
genes with interesting results, but the Clec16a studies are the most promising so far.