Researchers say the same phenomenon occurs with adopted children as well, particularly in overseas adoptions where parents must discuss the adoption to
explain racial differences.
The researchers looked at several factors that might
explain this racial difference, such as whether there were differences in tumor characteristics between black patients and white patients, or differences in a family history of breast cancer — both factors that a doctor must consider before deciding whether a genetic test will likely benefit a particular patient.
The 1998 study by Meredith Phillips and her colleagues, mentioned earlier, had the greatest success in
explaining racial differences in achievement, yet the unexplained portion of the achievement gap on the vocabulary test used in their study was still so large that it nearly exceeded the raw gap in reading and mathematics we found in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey data.
To be sure, socioeconomic status and the trappings of poverty are important factors in
explaining racial differences in educational achievement.
Not exact matches
The pair also say that correlations with attitudes towards social issues like gender or
racial equality could
explain the
differences, with those interviewed on the phone seemingly more socially liberal than average, while those polled online are more socially conservative.
«A physician or other clinical staff may not readily identify these
racial differences at a single - practice level, but these gaps may be important on a larger scale,»
explained Dr. Dotson.
Some studies have suggested that the higher odds of breast cancer subtypes with unfavorable prognoses in minority
racial / ethnic groups could be
explained by
differences in socioeconomic status.
Schools, teacher quality and family income all play a large role in student success, but these factors do not fully
explain the academic
differences seen in the U.S. between whites and disadvantaged
racial / ethnic minorities, including blacks and Hispanics.
The study looked to see if ethnic and
racial disparities in breastfeeding could be
explained by
differences in the use of formula in hospitals, family history of breastfeeding, mother's belief that «breast is best»; and demographic measures including poverty, education and relationship status.
The researchers say their findings, published in the October / December 2015 issue of the journal Family & Community Health, indicate that
differences in social and living environments may help to
explain racial disparities that exist nationally for habits and lifestyle choices that play a key role in the health of U.S. men.
«Conversely, a majority of excess infant mortality in Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Louisiana could be
explained by compositional
differences due to a larger proportion of non-Hispanic black births, which reflects a persistent
racial gap that exists across the country.»
Buyon said the reasons for the
racial difference are unclear, but access to health care probably does not
explain it, since all study patients were receiving care.
But just as much of the
racial achievement gap can be
explained by out - of - school factors, so too, I suspect, can much of the
racial suspensions gap be
explained by
differences in behavior that are driven in large part by those same background factors.
However, they showed that cross-school
differences explained most of this aggregate
difference; that is, when the researchers looked only at students attending the same school, the
racial differences became much more modest, with black students receiving only about 0.07 more days of punishment than whites.
Recognizing that disparities in disciplinary rates may be caused by a range of factors, the U.S. Departments of Education and Justice said in a joint letter that these
differences can not be
explained by more frequent or more serious behavior by students of color, but rather, «schools may be engaging in
racial discrimination that violates the federal civil rights law.»
The Fordham Institute initially opposed the Obama administration's guidance under the belief that its supporters attribute the «entirety of the gap... to
racial bias in the system,» arguing that «the
racial suspensions gap [can] be
explained by
differences in behavior that are driven in large part by those same background factors [that affect the achievement gap],» such as poverty, fatherlessness, and low levels of parental education.
Although
racial / ethnic
differences in private school enrollment are largely
explained by income
differences, the urban / suburban and regional
differences in private school enrollment patterns are large even among families with similar incomes.
So while
racial residential segregation has been decreasing over the past few decades, it still remains high, and very little of it can be
explained by
racial differences in income levels.
For example, compared to older mothers, teen mothers display lower levels of verbal stimulation and involvement, higher levels of intrusiveness, and maternal speech that is less varied and complex.47, 48 Mothers with fewer years of education read to their children less frequently25, 49 and demonstrate less sophisticated language and literacy skills themselves, 50 which affects the quantity and quality of their verbal interactions with their children.2 Parental education, in turn, relates to household income: poverty and persistent poverty are strongly associated with less stimulating home environments, 51 and parents living in poverty have children who are at risk for cognitive, academic, and social - emotional difficulties.52, 53 Finally, Hispanic and African American mothers are, on average, less likely to read to their children than White, non-Hispanic mothers; 54 and Spanish - speaking Hispanic families have fewer children's books available in the home as compared to their non-Hispanic counterparts.25 These
racial and ethnic findings are likely
explained by
differences in family resources across groups, as minority status is often associated with various social - demographic risks.