For each sample,
expression of marker genes was normalized to cyclophilin.
Cultured mouse, monkey, and human pluripotent cells can be driven down a retinal lineage as determined by
the expression of marker genes, including the EFTFs [2]--[4].
Not exact matches
These epigenetic switches and
markers in turn help switch on or off the
expression of particular
genes.
Prasher and Chalfie were awarded a patent for the use
of GFP as a
marker of gene expression; in total, it earned Prasher just a few hundred thousand dollars in royalties over 15 years.
At a 0.2 - millimolar sucralose dose similar to the concentration found in the blood
of people with high consumption
of low - calorie sweeteners — equal to four cans
of diet soda per day — the researchers said they observed increased
expression of genes that are
markers of fat production and inflammation.
But in the 1 September issue
of the Journal
of Clinical Investigation, cardiologist Michael Parmacek and his colleagues at the University
of Chicago describe how they deleted two
genes from the common cold virus to make it unable to cause any sniffling or fever, then replaced them with a
marker gene that turns out an easily detected protein and the SM22 promoter, which turns on
expression of genes in smooth muscle cells that surround arteries.
The results showed that, when applied, a long - term inhibition
of Rho - kinase signaling increased the
expressions of chondrocyte - specific
genes and differentiation
markers in human chondrosarcoma 2/8 cells.
New
markers suggested include total mass
of hemoglobin, altered
expression of genes related to red blood cell metabolism, ironomics, storage lesions, and the presence
of plasticizers from blood bags in athlete urine samples.
Researchers from BUSM and the University
of Cyprus compared the
markers on the surface
of the cancer cells to
gene expression profile
of breast tumors deposited by researchers in international public databases and found that a molecule named IL13RA2 (IL13R alpha2) was abundant in metastatic or late - stage BLBC.
In the last 15 years, researchers worldwide have generated a large amount
of information about the epigenome: proteins, factors and epigenetic
markers which, when bound to DNA, regulate
gene expression.
They found that ONC201 alters the
gene expression of cancer stem cell
markers and signaling pathways prior to killing the tumor cells, providing pharmacodynamic biomarkers
of response.
Examination
of gene expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) showed the area adjacent to tumors is rich with cancer
markers.
This observation is further supported by the fact that studying alterations in the
expression of genes also made it possible to identify persons whose levels
of interleukin 6, an inflammation
marker, were reduced as their serum vitamin D levels increased.
Our current work is aimed at recruiting sufficiently large samples
of females to begin work to discover possible
gene expression markers for them.»
The accumulation
of adipose tissue macrophages in direct proportion to adipocyte size and body mass may explain the coordinated increase in
expression of genes encoding macrophage
markers observed in our microarray
expression data.
Among the three isolated cell populations, the relative
gene expression of macrophage
markers was highest among the F4 / 80 + cells.
Not only were levels
of metabolic compounds different, but the
expression of certain
genes involved in metabolism was turned up, and the epigenome
of the cells — molecular
markers on DNA that change
gene expression on a broader scale — was altered.
Kinetics study on
markers of the immune system by
gene expression profiling
of an in vivo heated tumor.
Quantitative RT - PCR was used to measure the relative
expression of macrophage
markers (Emr1, Csf1r, Cd68) and an adipocyte - specific
gene (Acrp30).
Overexpression
of wild - type ACVR1 in chick micromass cultures resulted in
expression levels
of marker genes that are comparable to those
of the empty viral vector, while cells overexpressing R206H ACVR1 showed upregulation
of collagen type II and aggrecan.
A short - term inhibition
of Rho - kinase failed to induce extracellular matrix production in fibroblasts or in HCS - 2 / 8 cells, while its long - term exposure increased the
expressions of chondrocyte - specific
genes and differentiation
markers, and also promoted the synthesis
of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by chondrocytic cells.
Remarkably, the relative
expression levels
of all
marker genes were only slightly decreased when R206H ACVR1 and Q207D caACVR1 cultures were cotransfected with Noggin, whereas cells expressing the wild - type ACVR1 or empty viral vector showed clear downregulation
of all analyzed
marker genes for chondrogenesis.
While
expression levels
of all
marker genes remained almost unchanged in wild - type ACVR1 cultures compared with the empty viral vector, the
expression profile induced by caACVR1 Q207D displayed evidence
of advanced chondrogenic differentiation as shown by decreased levels
of the early differentiation stage
marker collagen type II together with enhanced
expression of the later - stage
markers Ihh and collagen type X. Indian hedgehog has been shown previously to be induced by BMP signaling transmitted via the ACVR1 receptor (9).
g (acceleration due to gravity) G (gravitational constant) G star G1.9 +0.3 gabbro Gabor, Dennis (1900 — 1979) Gabriel's Horn Gacrux (Gamma Crucis) gadolinium Gagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich (1934 — 1968) Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center GAIA Gaia Hypothesis galactic anticenter galactic bulge galactic center Galactic Club galactic coordinates galactic disk galactic empire galactic equator galactic habitable zone galactic halo galactic magnetic field galactic noise galactic plane galactic rotation galactose Galatea GALAXIES galaxy galaxy cannibalism galaxy classification galaxy formation galaxy interaction galaxy merger Galaxy, The Galaxy satellite series Gale Crater Galen (c. AD 129 — c. 216) galena GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer) Galilean satellites Galilean telescope Galileo (Galilei, Galileo)(1564 — 1642) Galileo (spacecraft) Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) Galileo satellite navigation system gall gall bladder Galle, Johann Gottfried (1812 — 1910) gallic acid gallium gallon gallstone Galois, Évariste (1811 — 1832) Galois theory Galton, Francis (1822 — 1911) Galvani, Luigi (1737 — 1798) galvanizing galvanometer game game theory GAMES AND PUZZLES gamete gametophyte Gamma (Soviet orbiting telescope) Gamma Cassiopeiae Gamma Cassiopeiae star gamma function gamma globulin gamma rays Gamma Velorum gamma - ray burst gamma - ray satellites Gamow, George (1904 — 1968) ganglion gangrene Ganswindt, Hermann (1856 — 1934) Ganymede «garbage theory»,
of the origin
of life Gardner, Martin (1914 — 2010) Garneau, Marc (1949 ---RRB- garnet Garnet Star (Mu Cephei) Garnet Star Nebula (IC 1396) garnierite Garriott, Owen K. (1930 ---RRB- Garuda gas gas chromatography gas constant gas giant gas laws gas - bounded nebula gaseous nebula gaseous propellant gaseous - propellant rocket engine gasoline Gaspra (minor planet 951) Gassendi, Pierre (1592 — 1655) gastric juice gastrin gastrocnemius gastroenteritis gastrointestinal tract gastropod gastrulation Gatewood, George D. (1940 ---RRB- Gauer - Henry reflex gauge boson gauge theory gauss (unit) Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777 — 1855) Gaussian distribution Gay - Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778 — 1850) GCOM (Global Change Observing Mission) Geber (c. 720 — 815) gegenschein Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882 — 1945) Geiger - Müller counter Giessler tube gel gelatin Gelfond's theorem Gell - Mann, Murray (1929 ---RRB- GEM «gemination,»
of martian canals Geminga Gemini (constellation) Gemini Observatory Gemini Project Gemini - Titan II gemstone
gene gene expression gene mapping
gene pool
gene therapy
gene transfer General Catalogue
of Variable Stars (GCVS) general precession general theory
of relativity generation ship generator Genesis (inflatable orbiting module) Genesis (sample return probe) genetic code genetic counseling genetic disorder genetic drift genetic engineering genetic
marker genetic material genetic pool genetic recombination genetics GENETICS AND HEREDITY Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Program genome genome, interstellar transmission
of genotype gentian violet genus geoboard geode geodesic geodesy geodesy satellites geodetic precession Geographos (minor planet 1620) geography GEOGRAPHY Geo - IK geologic time geology GEOLOGY AND PLANETARY SCIENCE geomagnetic field geomagnetic storm geometric mean geometric sequence geometry GEOMETRY geometry puzzles geophysics GEOS (Geodetic Earth Orbiting Satellite) Geosat geostationary orbit geosynchronous orbit geosynchronous / geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) geosyncline Geotail (satellite) geotropism germ germ cells Germain, Sophie (1776 — 1831) German Rocket Society germanium germination Gesner, Konrad von (1516 — 1565) gestation Get Off the Earth puzzle Gettier problem geyser g - force GFO (Geosat Follow - On) GFZ - 1 (GeoForschungsZentrum) ghost crater Ghost Head Nebula (NGC 2080) ghost image Ghost
of Jupiter (NGC 3242) Giacconi, Riccardo (1931 ---RRB- Giacobini - Zinner, Comet (Comet 21P /) Giaever, Ivar (1929 ---RRB- giant branch Giant Magellan Telescope giant molecular cloud giant planet giant star Giant's Causeway Giauque, William Francis (1895 — 1982) gibberellins Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839 — 1903) Gibbs free energy Gibson, Edward G. (1936 ---RRB- Gilbert, William (1544 — 1603) gilbert (unit) Gilbreath's conjecture gilding gill gill (unit) Gilruth, Robert R. (1913 — 2000) gilsonite gimbal Ginga ginkgo Giotto (ESA Halley probe) GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya) girder glacial drift glacial groove glacier gland Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926 — 2013) Glashow, Sheldon (1932 ---RRB- glass GLAST (Gamma - ray Large Area Space Telescope) Glauber, Johann Rudolf (1607 — 1670) glaucoma glauconite Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921 ---RRB- Glenn Research Center Glennan, T (homas) Keith (1905 — 1995) glenoid cavity glia glial cell glider Gliese 229B Gliese 581 Gliese 67 (HD 10307, HIP 7918) Gliese 710 (HD 168442, HIP 89825) Gliese 86 Gliese 876 Gliese Catalogue glioma glissette glitch Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Globalstar globe Globigerina globular cluster globular proteins globule globulin globus pallidus GLOMR (Global Low Orbiting Message Relay) GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) glossopharyngeal nerve Gloster E. 28/39 glottis glow - worm glucagon glucocorticoid glucose glucoside gluon Glushko, Valentin Petrovitch (1908 — 1989) glutamic acid glutamine gluten gluteus maximus glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolysis glycoprotein glycosidic bond glycosuria glyoxysome GMS (Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite) GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) Gnathostomata gneiss Go Go, No - go goblet cell GOCE (Gravity field and steady - state Ocean Circulation Explorer) God Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882 — 1945) Goddard Institute for Space Studies Goddard Space Flight Center Gödel, Kurt (1906 — 1978) Gödel universe Godwin, Francis (1562 — 1633) GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) goethite goiter gold Gold, Thomas (1920 — 2004) Goldbach conjecture golden ratio (phi) Goldin, Daniel Saul (1940 ---RRB- gold - leaf electroscope Goldstone Tracking Facility Golgi, Camillo (1844 — 1926) Golgi apparatus Golomb, Solomon W. (1932 — 2016) golygon GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite) gonad gonadotrophin - releasing hormone gonadotrophins Gondwanaland Gonets goniatite goniometer gonorrhea Goodricke, John (1764 — 1786) googol Gordian Knot Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929 — 2017) Gore, John Ellard (1845 — 1910) gorge gorilla Gorizont Gott loop Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902 — 1978) Gould, Benjamin Apthorp (1824 — 1896) Gould, Stephen Jay (1941 — 2002) Gould Belt gout governor GPS (Global Positioning System) Graaf, Regnier de (1641 — 1673) Graafian follicle GRAB graben GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) graceful graph gradient Graham, Ronald (1935 ---RRB- Graham, Thomas (1805 — 1869) Graham's law
of diffusion Graham's number GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory) grain (cereal) grain (unit) gram gram - atom Gramme, Zénobe Théophile (1826 — 1901) gramophone Gram's stain Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) Granat Grand Tour grand unified theory (GUT) Grandfather Paradox Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900 — 1991) granite granulation granule granulocyte graph graph theory graphene graphite GRAPHS AND GRAPH THEORY graptolite grass grassland gravel graveyard orbit gravimeter gravimetric analysis Gravitational Biology Facility gravitational collapse gravitational constant (G) gravitational instability gravitational lens gravitational life gravitational lock gravitational microlensing GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS gravitational slingshot effect gravitational waves graviton gravity gravity gradient gravity gradient stabilization Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe B gravity - assist gray (Gy) gray goo gray matter grazing - incidence telescope Great Annihilator Great Attractor great circle Great Comets Great Hercules Cluster (M13, NGC 6205) Great Monad Great Observatories Great Red Spot Great Rift (in Milky Way) Great Rift Valley Great Square
of Pegasus Great Wall greater omentum greatest elongation Green, George (1793 — 1841) Green, Nathaniel E. Green, Thomas Hill (1836 — 1882) green algae Green Bank Green Bank conference (1961) Green Bank Telescope green flash greenhouse effect greenhouse gases Green's theorem Greg, Percy (1836 — 1889) Gregorian calendar Grelling's paradox Griffith, George (1857 — 1906) Griffith Observatory Grignard, François Auguste Victor (1871 — 1935) Grignard reagent grike Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618 — 1663) Grissom, Virgil (1926 — 1967) grit gritstone Groom Lake Groombridge 34 Groombridge Catalogue gross ground, electrical ground state ground - track group group theory GROUPS AND GROUP THEORY growing season growth growth hormone growth hormone - releasing hormone growth plate Grudge, Project Gruithuisen, Franz von Paula (1774 — 1852) Grus (constellation) Grus Quartet (NGC 7552, NGC 7582, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599) GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) g - suit G - type asteroid Guericke, Otto von (1602 — 1686) guanine Guiana Space Centre guidance, inertial Guide Star Catalog (GSC) guided missile guided missiles, postwar development Guillaume, Charles Édouard (1861 — 1938) Gulf Stream (ocean current) Gulfstream (jet plane) Gullstrand, Allvar (1862 — 1930) gum Gum Nebula gun metal gunpowder Gurwin Gusev Crater gut Gutenberg, Johann (c. 1400 — 1468) Guy, Richard Kenneth (1916 ---RRB- guyot Guzman Prize gymnosperm gynecology gynoecium gypsum gyrocompass gyrofrequency gyropilot gyroscope gyrostabilizer Gyulbudagian's Nebula (HH215)
We are examining the effect
of a maximal exercise stress test on
gene expression, metabolism, inflammatory
markers, and cytokine levels in ME / CFS patients and healthy controls.
Current projects are investigating: 1) the
expression of inflammatory
genes during ischemia and reperfusion
of kidneys during urology transplantation and in mouse models; 2) the
expression of inflammatory
genes and proteins in urine as
markers indicating the presence
of rejection in renal allografts; and 3) the role
of adhesion molecules and chemokines in directing leukocyte infiltration into organ allografts.
When overexpressed together in developing Xenopus embryos by RNA microinjection, these
genes can induce eye - like structures as defined by the
expression of markers for some retinal cell classes [7].
Gata5 a potential diagnostic
marker for congenital heart disease The finding also suggests that gata5 could be a potential new diagnostic
marker for congenital heart defects, as the researchers demonstrated that gata5 regulates the
expression of a
gene known as nkx2.5 which, when mutated in humans, causes human congenital heart defects and disease.
We focus on developing computational methods and tools for (a) analyzing large - scale
gene expression data related to human cancer in search for
gene markers and disease sub-categories, (b) identifying regulatory elements such as miRNA precursors and their targets in whole genomes
of plants and mammals, (c) building theoretical models
of gene regulatory networks.
To further characterize HPP - 4382, we screened a selection
of alternative
genes for
expression: two
markers of endoplasmic - or general cellular stress, HSPA6 and GADD45A, and ICAM1, a target
of NF - B.
Therefore, it is necessary to determine the
expression patterns
of VASA and other germ cell
marker genes in monkeys, but only limited information is currently available [7], [13].
(C)
Gene expression changes characteristic
of PrEn, ICM / pluripotency, neurectoderm, and mesoderm
genes (
expression of individual
markers are included as supplementary, Figure S3).
The
expression of germ cell
marker genes in monkey ES cells and tissues was examined using an RT - PCR analysis.
In addition, the
expression of other germ cell
markers, such as NANOS and PIWIL1
genes, was also up - regulated as the EB differentiation progressed.
Among the early germ cell
markers examined, VASA is a candidate
gene for detecting pre-meiotic germ cell differentiation from monkey ES cells, because its
expression is detected earlier in the primordial stage
of germ cell development in comparison to that
of PIWI family
genes in vivo in mice and humans [11], [36]--[38], [49].
The
expression of other germ cell
marker genes, such as NANOS1, NANOS2, NANOS3 and PIWIL1, increased in the EBs as well.
The
expression of the tumoral multidrug resistance
gene (MDR1), which encodes P - glycoprotein, and NANOG, a stem - cell
marker and a regulator
of the
expression of drug resistance
genes, was determined using qRT - PCR.
Insertion
of the kan
marker into ospC is unlikely to alter
expression of adjacent
genes, because they are well isolated and divergently transcribed (Fig. 1).
Panel illustrates
marker genes implicated in pluripotency
of NSCs, with color bar reporting log2 normalized
expression values (green / red indicates high / low relative
expression).
Of note, mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) were reprogrammed using only one (Oct4) or two factors (Oct4 and Klf4), due to the endogenously high expression of pluripotent genes, such as Sox2 and c - Myc, as well as several intermediate reprogramming markers [14], [17], [18
Of note, mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) were reprogrammed using only one (Oct4) or two factors (Oct4 and Klf4), due to the endogenously high
expression of pluripotent genes, such as Sox2 and c - Myc, as well as several intermediate reprogramming markers [14], [17], [18
of pluripotent
genes, such as Sox2 and c - Myc, as well as several intermediate reprogramming
markers [14], [17], [18].
Support to date for the existence
of an hypoxic niche in marrow blood stem cells came from indirect evidence such as
expression of the hypoxia protein Hif - 1 and related
genes and staining with surrogate
markers of hypoxia.
Panel below illustrates
marker genes implicated in pluripotency
of NSCs, with color bar reporting log2 normalized
expression values (green / red indicates high / low relative
expression).
An equally consistent pattern
of gene expression is observed in the set
of ICM
markers (contained within Group 2 in Figure 4A, Figure 4C, and Figure S3).
Venus positive cells experiencing low - level transcription at the Hex locus, but still expressing the ES cell
markers SSEA - 1 and Oct4, show elevated levels
of PrEn
gene expression and reduced levels
of early ICM
markers such as Nanog.
To explore the differentiation
markers for detecting germ cells differentiated from ES cells, the
expression of various germ cell
marker genes was examined in tissues and ES cells
of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).
(A) The
expression patterns
of germ cell
marker genes in monkey testis (5 years old), mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF), monkey ES cells (ES), and developing EBs (days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28) were examined using an RT - PCR analysis.
By combining neuronal tracing with behavioral experiments leading to sensory - driven
gene expression of the neuronal activity
marker ZENK during magnetic compass orientation, we demonstrate a functional neuronal connection between the retinal neurons and Cluster N via the visual thalamus.
(A)
Expression of 5 stem
marker genes in single cells isolated from the edge (E), mid (M) or adjacent center (C) region
of HES2 colonies.
In the present study, we again observed a continuous gradient in the
expression of pluripotency
genes across the cell populations that paralleled the gradient in cell surface
marker expression.
Over the next decade, he authored key papers predicting the number
of genetic
markers required for GWAS in humans, and pioneered the field
of genetics
of global
gene expression (eQTL analysis).