The most common
external load types are (1) constant loads, (2) accommodating resistance, and (3) constant force.
This specificity likely arises largely because the different
external load types involve different (1) points where in the exercise range of motion the load is highest, and (2) velocities for a given relative load.
External load types include pneumatic resistance, elastic resistance, weights (including free weights, chains, and machines), and dynamometers (which use magnets).
Using pneumatic resistance or accommodating resistance training has 3 key characteristics in comparison with other
external load types:
As you can see, even though the exercise is the same, the externally - applied torque (turning force) differs with joint angle, between
the external load types.
Using eccentric - only knee extension training, Guilhem et al. (2013) assessed the effect of constant load and isokinetic
external load types on joint - angle specific changes in torque and EMG amplitude.
Does training with different
external load types produce external load type - specific strength gains?
This probably causes differences in velocity - specific gains in strength between the two
external load types.
This probably causes differences in joint angle - specific gains in strength between the two
external load types.
Some researchers speculated that the velocity - specificity might be limited to isokinetic
external load types, and that the same effect would not be observed with constant loads, such as free weights.
This important training study shows the specific effects of training with
each external load type.
And assuming that maximal bar speed is attempted, this produces a different peak velocity for the same force when using
each external load type.
This suggests that the specificity of
external load type is probably quite weak.
Even so,
external load type - specific strength gains do occur.
Some studies have often reported
no external load type specificity of strength gains, although these are primarily limited to those reporting on programs of single - joint knee extension exercises (Manning et al. 1990; Hunter & Culpepper, 1995; Remaud et al. 2010) or programs of combined single - joint and multi-joint leg extension exercises (Walker et al. 2013).
Many studies have compared the effects of different types of externally - applied forces on
external load type - specific strength gains.
External load type refers to the way in which resistance to movement is provided.
This may reflect the poor relationship between
the external load type used in testing (isokinetic) and in sprinting (constant load).
Secondly,
external load type alters velocity for the same relative load (Avrillon et al. 2016), most likely because of differences in the amount of inertia as well as differences in internal moment arm lengths.
Not exact matches
Other travel experts suggest
loading work files, books, games and other entertainment onto phones and purchasing or bringing along an
external keyboard to make
typing and accessing the information easier.
The two
loading protocols produced similar fiber
type shifts, but the high
external load protocol produced much greater hypertrophy.
The different
types of
external load are shown in the diagram below:
Training with different
types of
external load could therefore be useful for emphasizing different ends of the force velocity curve.
As you can see from the chart, each
type of
external load will produce different
types of force at different parts of the movement.
Most other
types of
external load, including those that add bands and chains to barbells, reduce the size of the peak contraction at long muscle lengths and increase it at shorter muscle lengths.
Comparing the effect
external resistance
type, Saeterbakken et al. (2014) explored erector spinae muscle activity during the back squat with 6RM
loads using either a barbell or a combination of a barbell and elastic resistance (where elastic resistance comprised between 25 — 40 % total
load, depending on the phase of the lift).
On the other hand, many similar studies have found that strength gains are specific to the
type of
external load used.
In one study, Remaud et al. (2010) assessed joint angle - specific changes in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque and in neural drive after isotonic and isokinetic
types of
external load, using knee extension training.
These exercises are suitable irrespective of the
type of
external loading so long as the size of the
external load is not limited.
The way in which the externally - applied force differs depending on the
type of
external load can be sketched out in torque - angle curves of an imaginary exercise, like this:
If this is the case, we should find that the main causes of specificity in strength gains after training with different
types of
external load are regional hypertrophy and joint angle - specific changes in neural drive (especially at end range of motion).
Few studies have reported on changes in regional hypertrophy when comparing groups training with different
types of
external load.
Although both
types of
external load were variable, the machine knee extension would still have involved a larger contraction at longer muscle lengths than the isokinetic device.
Strength gains are specific: to the
type of
external load you use, although the effect is likely just a weaker version of the combined effects of range of motion and velocity.
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