The data show that the most
extreme cold phases of the Little Ice Age — in the mid-15th and then again in the early 18th centuries — were synchronous in Europe and South America.
Not exact matches
However, studies that stratify winters into La Niña, neutral, and El Niño
phases have found that precipitation
extremes in neutral / La Niña winters respond differently than in El Niño winters, whereas studies that stratify ENSO data into
cold / warm conditions have not found evidence for a coherent nonlinear response.
We also examine the opposite
extreme of El Niño, which is known as El Viejo (
Cold Phase or La Niña).
The probability spread of one U.S. hurricane is the same for both
extreme events, however, with both warm and
cold phases exhibiting a 90 % confidence interval of 13 percent: warm
phase from 45 to 58 percent,
cold phase from 18 to 31 percent.