Lastly,
extreme high water levels will occur with increasing frequency as a result of mean sea level rise.
Given that NYC experienced 3
extreme high water levels associated with hurricanes between 1788 and 1893, but only one (Sandy) since then, we can reasonably argue that climate change, whether human - induced or natural, has reduced the threat of high storm surge.
Not exact matches
The commission said the
high water levels are due to «
extreme wet weather» and would've occurred even if Plan 2014 wasn't enacted.
A 2015 USDA report (Brown et al. 2015) on how climate affects agriculture delineates the sensitivities of specialty crops to many climate components (e.g., temperatures, atmospheric CO2
levels,
water supply, cloud and light conditions,
high winds and other
extreme conditions).
While Magnesium chloride can be found in many natural bodies of
water, due to
extreme pollution and
high levels of lead and mercury it is difficult to find a pure, clean magnesium source.
The plants were of course designed with assumptions made for weather
extremes (max / min temps, winds,
water level and floods) However, some have experienced
higher temperatures than originally assumed.
[2012 paper — 225 cites] Modelling sea
level rise impacts on storm surges along US coasts We estimate that, by mid-century, some locations may experience
high water levels annually that would qualify today as «century» (i.e., having a chance of occurrence of 1 % annually)
extremes.
-- It is very likely that average sea
level rise will contribute to upward trends in
extreme sea
levels in
extreme coastal
high water levels.
On another page, entitled «Impacts of Climate Change», the Met Office states: «
Higher temperatures, fresh water shortages, higher sea levels and extreme weather events will each affect regions differ
Higher temperatures, fresh
water shortages,
higher sea levels and extreme weather events will each affect regions differ
higher sea
levels and
extreme weather events will each affect regions differently.
Examining the graphic on storm surge (below) posted by one of Trenberth's colleagues at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, we clearly see how
extreme high water events since 1900 are broken down into contributions from storm surge,
high tides and a century of sea
level rise.
That's why I used the expression «represents a serious potential threat to humanity and our environment» (temperature increase by 2100 of up to 6.4 C, increased droughts, floods, tropical cyclones, heat waves,
extreme high sea
level plus secondary effects, such as crop failures, spread of vector diseases, loss of drinking
water from melting glaciers, etc. all as listed in IPCC AR4).
* 20 to 30 % of plant and animal species likely to be at increased risk of extinction * many millions more people than today projected to experience floods every year due to sea
level rise * increases in malnutrition; increased deaths, diseases and injury due to
extreme weather events; increased burden of diarrhoeal diseases; increased frequency of cardio - respiratory diseases due to
higher concentrations of ground -
level ozone in urban areas * hundreds of millions of people exposed to increased
water stress
Which forms the basis for the IPCC claim of
high climate sensitivity (mean value of 3.2 C), resulting in significant global warming (up to 6.4 C warming by 2100), «
extreme high sea
levels», increased «heat waves», increased «heavy rains» and floods, increased «droughts», increased «intense tropical cyclones» — which, in turn, lead to crop failures, disappearance of glaciers now supplying drinking
water to millions, increased vector borne diseases, etc. (for short, potentially catastrophic AGW — or «CAGW»).
-- I have listed the «catastrophic results» that are projected to occur, according to IPCC AR4 WG1 SPM, pp. 8 and 13: temperature increase of up to 6.4 °C, heat waves, floods, droughts, increased intense tropical cyclones,
extreme high sea
level, as well as some of the secondary impacts, which IPCC projects in WG2, WG3: crop failures, disappearing glaciers now supplying drinking
water for millions, spread of vector diseases, etc..
It is likely that there has been an anthropogenic influence on increasing
extreme coastal
high water due to an increase in mean sea
level.»
In contrast, while many African countries experience a similar trend in rapid urban coastal growth, the
level of economic development is generally lower and consequently the capacity to adapt is smaller Coastal industries, their supporting infrastructure including transport (ports, roads, rail and airports), power and
water supply, storm
water and sewerage are highly sensitive to a range of
extreme weather and climate events including temporary and permanent flooding arising from
extreme precipitation,
high winds, storm surges and sea
level rise.
Things like sea
level rise, wave heights,
high and low
water in rivers, hurricane tracks, and storm surges are all based on historical data with the occasional consideration of possible
extremes events based on theory.