Usually, there are no cranial nerve signs; however, in severe cases, the bark may be altered, swallowing impaired and
facial nerve signs be evident.
CKCS were therefore further subdivided into two groups based on age and presence or absence of SM: the CM / SM group which comprised eighteen individuals under the age of 2 years with SM, all of which presented with clinical
signs related to syringomyelia, and thirteen individuals over the age of 5 years with CM but without SM (the CM group), which presented for various reasons including idiopathic epilepsy (n = 4), intervertebral disc disease (n = 3), otitis media with effusion (n = 2), MR imaging screening programme for breeding (n = 3) and
facial nerve paralysis (n = 2).