Sentences with phrase «far from surface water»

Extremophiles feeding on nonsolar energy sources show how alien life might similarly arise and thrive deep underground, far from surface water and sunlight.

Not exact matches

Supercooled water droplets in a cloud can remain liquid at temperatures far below freezing, their surface tension preventing solid crystals from forming.

For example, a light ray striking the surface of the water at a 45 degree angle from the right bends farther downward into the water and continues to travel down and to the left.

These planets in the habitable zones of their stars, while able to support liquid water on their surfaces, develop in dry environments and need to have ice sent in from farther out.

Much of the oil has already vanished from surface waters, and so far the most visible effects have been oiled seabirds, turtles and salt - marsh fringes.

Either way, the objects are said to have begun their journey from far beyond Earth, past a boundary called the «snow line,» before impacting Earth and depositing water deep in the planet and on its surface.

It also would be far easier to get a water sample from Enceladus, which has plumes of water vapor, ice and particles shooting more than 300 miles off its surface, than from other moons, such as Jupiter's Europa, where a massive ocean is believed to be buried beneath a thick icy crust.

Analysis of data also shows that Ceres has a water - ice mantle surrounding a rocky core, and that there may still be at least pockets of liquid water beneath the surface, raising the prospect of potential habitability for microorganisms, as seemingly unlikely as that may sound for a world so far from the Sun.

South of Spitzbergen, the oceans have been ice free the past 2 winters, reason being, the warm waters from the Gulf Stream are travelling further north, and closer to the ocean surface, only 25 meters at the last measurement, The ocean temperature has been +2 C instead of -2 C.

For example, they found that the oxide surface influences the water molecules from relatively far away, which means a few molecular lengths in this case.

The team saw in exquisite detail how the atoms at the hematite surface and water molecules nearby responded to far - from - equilibrium conditions caused by electrically charging the interface.

«By far the simplest explanation for this water vapor is that it erupted from plumes on the surface of Europa,» says Lorenz Roth, a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Southwest Research Institute.

Because planets either too close to or too far from their host stars will be at temperatures that cause water either to boil or to freeze, astrobiologists define a «habitable zone,» a range of orbital distances within which planets can support liquid water on their surfaces.

At the same time, the warm surface waters collect more heat from the atmosphere as they move further westward, and form a warm pool near New Guinea, Australia and the Philippines.

The decrease in net income was due to higher raw materials, marketing and selling costs, along with the company's decision to transition its focus away from groundwater pumping equipment to surface water pumping equipment, which further increased costs.

The calm and the still of the water a far cry from how it seems on the surface.

Depth: 16 - > 131 ft (5 - > 40m) Visibility: 33 - 131 ft (10 - 40m) Currents: None to gentle Surface conditions: Mostly calm but can be choppy further from shore Water temperature: 79 - 84 °F (26 - 29 °C) Experience level: Beginner - advanced Number of dive sites: > 125 Recommended length of stay: 2 - 3 weeks

Depth: 16 - 115ft (5 - 35m) Visibility: 33 - 82ft (10 - 25m) Currents: None to gentle Surface conditions: Mostly calm but can be choppy further from shore Water temperature: 77 - 84 °F (25 - 29 °C) Experience level: Beginner - intermediate Number of dive sites: > 30 Distance: 25 miles (40 km) north northeast of Belize City Recommended length of stay: 1 week

2 are seen quite regularly here, every week or so, and the operators leave the bins in the water during the surface interval, because it takes longer to attract the tigers, which roam further away from the reef.

Depth: 16 - > 130ft (5 - > 40m) Visibility: 82 - 197ft (25 - 60m) Currents: Can be strong in the Pacific, usually mild in the Caribbean Surface conditions: Mostly calm but can be choppy further from shore Water temperature: 66 - 84 °F (19 - 29 °C) Experience level: Intermediate - advanced (Pacific), beginner - advanced (Caribbean) Number of dive sites: > 120 Recommended length of stay: 2 - 3 weeks

Exhaustion set in by Friday, but the determination to do everything overruled, none faulted the excess, and everyone I encountered had a highpoint; one young collector went around Untitled urging visitors to borrow a surfboard from Thomas Vu's 14 - surfboard piece and head to the water — «the roughened wood surface won't take you far out, but the experience of riding a piece of art will»; another couldn't get over the metaphor of Bernardaud's $ 9,000 porcelain edition of Jeff Koons balloon dog popping out of its display case and shattering at her feet.

Other factors would include: — albedo shifts (both from ice > water, and from increased biological activity, and from edge melt revealing more land, and from more old dust coming to the surface...); — direct effect of CO2 on ice (the former weakens the latter); — increasing, and increasingly warm, rain fall on ice; — «stuck» weather systems bringing more and more warm tropical air ever further toward the poles; — melting of sea ice shelf increasing mobility of glaciers; — sea water getting under parts of the ice sheets where the base is below sea level; — melt water lubricating the ice sheet base; — changes in ocean currents -LRB-?)

The Water in the West initiative at Stanford University has produced an invaluable package of analysis, graphics and recommendations on groundwater management, concluding that groundwater recharge — moving water from the surface into the state's natural subterranean aquifers — is far cheaper than other alternatives that are currently being developed, like added dams and surface reservoirs or desalination plWater in the West initiative at Stanford University has produced an invaluable package of analysis, graphics and recommendations on groundwater management, concluding that groundwater recharge — moving water from the surface into the state's natural subterranean aquifers — is far cheaper than other alternatives that are currently being developed, like added dams and surface reservoirs or desalination plwater from the surface into the state's natural subterranean aquifers — is far cheaper than other alternatives that are currently being developed, like added dams and surface reservoirs or desalination plants:

Be thankful that the we are insulated from the huge volume of cold waters that comprise the ocean, because if it ever became far more mixed with the surface layers we would plunge into permanent glaciation.

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).

It is created by the hot salt surface water from the Caribbean, which drives north of Scotland and further north west of Norway to Sea of Greenland.

El Ni o an irregular variation of ocean current that, from January to February, flows off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low - salinity, nutrient - poor water to the south; does not usually extend farther than a few degrees south of the Equator, but occasionally it does penetrate beyond 12 S, displacing the relatively cold Peruvian current; usually short - lived effects, but sometimes last more than a year, raising sea - surface temperatures along the coast of Peru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean, having disastrous effects on marine life and fishing

The ocean surface layer is what directly matters, that contains somewhat more CO2 than the atmosphere (1,000 GtC vs. 800 GtC), but the chemical reactions in the ocean water push the equilibrium back, so that ultimately the surface water - air equilibrium is reached with a 1:9 partitioning between water and air, reverse and far away from the 50:1.

With a heat capacity for the total atmosphere equal to ~ 3 meter of water and an average temperature far below the average surface temperature there is no way you can warm Earth's surface and oceans from the atmosphere.

To summarise the arguments presented so far concerning ice - loss in the arctic basin, at least four mechanisms must be recognised: (i) a momentum - induced slowing of winter ice formation, (ii) upward heat - flux from anomalously warm Atlantic water through the surface low ‐ salinity layer below the ice, (iii) wind patterns that cause the export of anomalous amounts of drift ice through the Fram Straits and disperse pack - ice in the western basin and (iv) the anomalous flux of warm Bering Sea water into the eastern Arctic of the mid 1990s.

The processes include water from melting on the surface of the ice sheet to flow down into crevasses and widen them further.

They further suggest that irrigation water derived from surface sources may infiltrate into aquifers, removing 0.40 to 0.48 mm / yr of sea level equivalent, based on the same assumption as for seepage from reservoirs.

A far grander feature of the Earth's surface heat circulation was recognized in the 19th century when scientists tracked down the fact that water hauled up from the deeps, anywhere in the world, is nearly freezing.

All that is needed is to add heat carried upwards past the denser atmosphere (and most CO2) by convection and the latent heat from water changing state (the majority of heat transport to the tropopause), the albedo effects of clouds, the inability of long wave «downwelling» (the blue balls) to warm water that makes up 2 / 3rds of the Earth's surface, and that due to huge differences in enthalpy dry air takes far less energy to warm than humid air so temperature is not a measure of atmospheric heat content.

Accordingly, upwelling of waters acidified by anthropogenic CO2 has led to a further decrease in surface pH, as reported in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the west coast of North America, from central Canada to northern Mexico, where shoaling of the layer of seawater undersaturated with aragonite increased the frequency and magnitude of coastal acidification associated with upwelling events (Feely et al. 2008, 2010).

The water vapor feedback mainly results from changes in humidity in the tropical uppertroposphere (2), where temperatures are far below that of the surface and the vapor is above most of the cloud cover.

The 2008 K&T cartoon gives a NET upward radiation flux from the surface of 33w / m2 with a downward adjustment to water vapour to 76w / m2 and conduction to 16w / m2 but the point holds; that point is more net heat is leaving the surface through methods other than radiation, particularly water; that to me means 2 things; water is a dominant mover of heat compared to CO2 and the sun's 168/166 w / m2 is a far more dominant heater than CO2 backradiation.

The IPCC has already concluded that it is «virtually certain that human influence has warmed the global climate system» and that it is «extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010» is anthropogenic.1 Its new report outlines the future threats of further global warming: increased scarcity of food and fresh water; extreme weather events; rise in sea level; loss of biodiversity; areas becoming uninhabitable; and mass human migration, conflict and violence.

These new Rossby waves begin to draw cooler water from the east towards the west and further cool the surface waters.