Fast reactors feature in Russia's long - term nuclear energy plans, which envisage a move to inherently safe nuclear plants using
fast reactors with a closed fuel cycle and mixed - oxide (MOX) fuel.
Fast reactors with an elegant ability to «breed» more fissile materials than they consumed in fuel, seemed destined to play a major part in helping the world to solve its energy needs.
The annual waste output from
a fast reactor with the same electrical capacity, in contrast, is a little more than a single ton of fission products, plus trace amounts of transuranics.
IFR was a sodium - cooled
fast reactor with inherently - safe fuel rods made of «spent» fuel (article by Dr. Till).
Not exact matches
The
reactors — six - foot - tall metal and glass boxes that glow seafoam green when at work — mimic what happens to carbon after millennia of pressure, but
faster,
with less human labor and a carbon - neutral footprint.
Now, researchers have come up
with a way to 3D print tough and flexible stainless steel, an advance that could lead to
faster and cheaper ways to make everything from rocket engines to parts for nuclear
reactors and oil rigs.
«Yeah, there's less concrete and, yeah, there's less steel in the
reactor vessel,» says nuclear engineer Eric Loewen, chief consulting engineer at GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, which is proposing a modular
fast reactor to help the U.K.
with its plutonium problem.
In the 1980s this research was directed toward a
fast reactor (dubbed the advanced liquidmetal
reactor, or ALMR),
with metallic fuel cooled by a liquid metal, that was to be integrated
with a high - temperature pyrometallurgical processing unit for recycling and replenishing the fuel.
In addition to its unique fuel cycle, the TerraPower design employs a high - temperature, liquid metal core cooling technology suited to a breeder
reactor with «
fast» neutron activity, rather than today's predominant
reactors whose water cooling systems slow neutrons.
Thierry Dujardin, an official
with the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development's Nuclear Energy Agency in Paris, told Science for a 27 February 2009 article that
fast reactors could help reduce nuclear waste and cut greenhouse gas emissions.
The real message, though, must be for those in the nuclear industry who still believe that it makes sense to press ahead
with a European demonstration
fast reactor.
And even
with such
fast - neutron
reactors, the amount of potentially worrisome material for making nuclear weapons does not change.
Rather than the pellets of uranium oxide used in other
fast reactors and conventional
reactors as fuel, GE would fabricate metal alloy fuels,
with the plutonium or uranium mixed
with zirconium metal.
The U.K. is considering a plan to build two of General Electric's PRISM
fast reactors, the latest in a series of
fast -
reactor designs that for several decades have attempted
with mixed success to handle plutonium and other radioactive waste from nuclear power.
«The possibility of cooperative work
with Japan in the area of
fast reactors is something that is attractive to us precisely because they have Monju,» Daniel Poneman, the U.S. deputy secretary of energy, said at a press conference today.
The idea remains that
fast reactors, which get their name because the neutrons that initiate fission in the
reactor are zipping about
faster than those in a conventional
reactor, could offer a speedy solution to cleaning some nasty nuclear waste, which fissions better
with fast neutrons, while also providing electricity as a by - product.
Plus, the U.K. has a poor record in the past
with its own experimental
fast reactor designs — the Dounreay Fast Reactor and the Prototype Fast Reactor — including multiple sodium le
fast reactor designs — the Dounreay
Fast Reactor and the Prototype Fast Reactor — including multiple sodium le
Fast Reactor and the Prototype
Fast Reactor — including multiple sodium le
Fast Reactor — including multiple sodium leaks.
Even
with a fleet of such
fast reactors, nations would nonetheless require an ultimate home for radioactive waste, one reason that a 2010 M.I.T. report on spent nuclear fuel dismissed such
fast reactors.
Novel design The trouble
with fast reactors has largely been related to what's used to cool them — liquid sodium in the case of GE's PRISM and many others.
The Department of Atomic Energy will grow by a healthy 21 %, to $ 2.5 billion,
with $ 61 million for the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, possibly for development of a new fuel for the
fast breeder
reactor.
«The technology
with the potential to solve these problems (of climate change, future energy shortfalls and cleaning up nuclear waste) is the
fast reactor, ideally the integral
fast reactor (IFR)... IFRs, once loaded
with nuclear waste, can, in principle, keep recycling it until only a small fraction remains, producing energy as they do so.»
RIAR's
reactors provide a full range of capabilities to test fuel and materials of all types of existing power
reactors as well as advanced and innovative ones: water - cooled thermal
reactors, including those
with boiling and pressurized water, gas - cooled,
fast and other types of
reactors.
«Unlike today's nuclear
reactor, the IFR [integral
fast reactor] can generate unlimited amounts of inexpensive clean power for hundreds of thousands of years... It provides an excellent solution for what to do
with our nuclear waste because it can use our existing nuclear waste for fuel and it is significantly more proliferation - resistant than other methods of dealing
with nuclear waste... The IFR is also inherently safe.
«You get this beautiful synergy of using PRISM, a small modular
reactor, to fix a [waste] problem and then explore if we could use this to make all this other electricity
with the integral
fast reactor approach,» he explains.
While there are more than 90 advanced nuclear technology and small modular
reactor designs under various stages of development, GEH and ARC Nuclear view sodium
fast reactors as being the most mature advanced
reactor technology
with decades of real operating experience from more than 20 previous
reactors.
Construction of China's 600 MWe demonstration
fast reactor at Xiapu, Fujian province, has officially begun
with the pouring of the first concrete for the
reactor's basemat.
My answer to the narrowed question: • Identify adaptation policies that can be implemented to reduce impacts of extreme weather events (which will happen
with or without greenhouse driven global warming) • Research on nuclear energy to reduce the stigma of nuclear generation, e.g.,
fast reactors (Generation 4
reactors) or thorium fueled.
Russia is planning to construct a larger BN - 1200
fast reactor power unit at Beloyarsk to start up by 2020, while cooperating
with China to build two BN - 800 units there.
Replacement of the current thermal variety of nuclear fission
reactors with nuclear fission
fast reactors, which are 100 times more fuel efficient, can dramatically extend nuclear fuel reserves.
Under previously announced plans, deployment of PWRs is expected to level off at 200 GWe by around 2040,
with the use of
fast reactors progressively increasing from 2020 to at least 200 GWe by 2050 and 1400 GWe by 2100.
There is no problem
with nuclear waste per say, we know how to handle it, store it or even burn it in
fast neutron
reactors.
I do tend to agree
with your take on the nuclear option, particularly the new «
fast» sodium
reactors.
Just last year, ten
reactors — eight in China, one in South Korea, and an experimental
fast reactor in Russia — connected to the grid
with 9.4 gigawatts total capacity, the most since 1990.
Why haven't governments declared martial law and started building nuclear
reactors as
fast as possible,
with any anti-nuclear protesters being simply shot?
It compels the DOE to build an experimental
fast reactor, using an experimental fuel, at a scale and power density that has never been demonstrated, on a rushed schedule,
with insufficient funding.