To create the perceived maternal
favoritism measure, we combined adult children's responses to two questions: (a) «To which child in your family is your mother the most emotionally close?»
To create the perceived parental
favoritism measures, each offspring was asked the following question regarding their perceptions of their mothers» favoritism regarding future caregiving: «If your mother became ill or disabled, and needed help on a day - to - day basis, which of your siblings would your mother prefer help her?»
Not exact matches
Some favor subjective
measures such as a principal's evaluation of the teacher, which has its own critics who fear
favoritism, and some rely on a combination of these and other factors.
And the extraordinary
measures we took in the past to guard against
favoritism will be less necessary.
It's when such
measures are not available that we need extreme due - process requirements to be sure that decisions are not being made based on personal vendettas and
favoritism.
Most companies use productivity
measures to inform the subjective assessments of supervisors, with some companies permitting less subjective judgment than others for fear of bias or
favoritism.
Then you have awards shows, which
measure something different; the skill of the technicians and artists (with a healthy dose of politicking and
favoritism, I'm sure).
Measures of
favoritism explored if one of the siblings received «better treatment» than the other.
Thus, taken together, the pattern of findings was similar regardless of whether we
measured favoritism using only whether the child perceived any
favoritism, or whether we took into account whether the respondent perceived that she or he was chosen versus another sibling being chosen.
To
measure adult children's perceptions of mothers» disfavoritism, we used the procedures just described to create the «
favoritism»
measure.
In creating the
measures of shared maternal
favoritism and disfavoritism, we used two dimensions of each construct because it was necessary to provide respondents with the opportunity to name both themselves and another sibling, and respondents seldom named more than one offspring for any single dimension.