We trained ourselves as observers to reliably document instruction in the lessons we observed based on our modification of Newmann «s assessment of
authentic instruction.313 We recorded what we saw and heard on an observation form that included two main sections: 1) basic information about the context, details of the lesson, how class time was used, how students were organized for instruction and learning, the kinds of technology used during the lesson, and a description of any positive or negative
features in the
classroom; and 2) assessments of instruction using four of Newmann's five standards of
authentic instruction: higher order thinking, deep knowledge, substantive conversation, and connection to the world beyond the
classroom.