The letter goes on to cite research showing that conventional biofuels derived from
feedstocks like rapeseed, corn, and palm oil can «directly or indirectly result in substantial greenhouse gas emissions through the conversion of forests and grasslands to croplands or pasture to accommodate biofuel production.»
That includes research into algae as well as programs focused on converting alternative
feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
In the United States, the volume of biodiesel from recycled
feedstocks like used vegetable oil has nearly doubled since 2011, according to the Energy Information Administration.
Dry
feedstocks like tires and plastics need additional water at this stage, but offal is wet enough.
The system is remarkably efficient, converting up to 99 percent of
a feedstock like algae into crude that can be further refined into aviation, gasoline, and diesel fuel.
Not exact matches
Majors
like Exxon Mobil Corp. and Royal Dutch Shell PLC have announced plans to expand basic chemical production using natural gas as a
feedstock.
Active composting requires that all
feedstock (these are the inputs into a compost pile
like manure, food waste and yard debris) reach a certain temperature within the pile for a certain length of time.
When you go to Washington to get stuff, sometimes you get the wrong stuff,
like subsidies for corn ethanol — the wrong
feedstock for the wrong fuel.
«Oil companies have processes to turn this [syngas] into gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel,» said Rich Masel, CEO of Dioxide Materials and a retired professor, pointing out how companies
like BP PLC have operated synthetic fuel facilities for 20 years, albeit using natural gas instead of recycled carbon as a
feedstock.
Faster - growing root systems could allow new plants to take hold more quickly, including perennial grasses
like switchgrass and Miscanthus, which are considered viable
feedstocks for next - generation biofuel.
Olefins are the chemical
feedstock for a variety of other chemicals,
like plastics, conductive polymers, medicines, etc..
To determine what type would make the best thermoplastic
feedstock, the scientists evaluated lignin from wheat straw, softwoods
like pine and hardwoods
like oak.
He did his postdoctoral work in the lab of Jay Keasling, a pioneer of engineering microbes that consume renewable
feedstock and spit out useful chemicals
like diesel fuel or fragrance molecules for the cosmetics industry.
GM has been a big proponent of flex fuels, meaning E85 (85 % ethanol, 15 % gasoline) that gets worse mileage than regular gasoline but does win GM a EPA efficiency credit and is much beloved by America's corn farmers and others who
like that the
feedstock for E85 is domestic.
In my own field, I'd
like to see consumer product manufacturing follow the path of biomimicry and achieve a closed loop model in which the wastes of each process become the
feedstocks for the next and the products we use actually enhance the environment.
Around 99 % of the
feedstock for plastics is fossil fuels, so we are looking at the same companies,
like Exxon and Shell, that have helped create the climate crisis.
Beyond their uses as fuels, oil and natural gas serve as the
feedstocks for thousands of products
like medical devices, cellphones, clothing, building materials and pharmaceuticals.
Project Drawdown defines perennial biomass as: the use of perennial grasses and coppiced woody plants for bioenergy
feedstock, instead of annual crops
like corn.
Fossil Fuel is a generic term that isn't quite correct Natural Gasoline is a distilled derivative of oil but almost all ofit is manufactured from cracked and recombined oil derivativeswhile natural gasoline is further refined intoPropane, butane, Proproline (a plastics feed stock), and Natural gasand also separates out sulfur (for fertilizer and explosives) Gasoline can be made from coal («Coaline») or from organic matter («Bio-fuel») but uses a few of oil based feed stocks instead tomake «Sythiline» (artificial gasoline) This gasoline is actually cleaner burning then natural gas with allit's «flare offs» (butane, propane, propoline, sulfur) used in theearly 19th century because it is manufactured only with essentialHydrocarbons Diesel fuel is also becoming more and more Manufactured instead ofdistilled as demand for it rises but improvements in Hydro cleaningis allowing for diesel with no volatile chemicals
like sulfur andmercury (taken out for petro - chemical
feedstock to make fertilizerand thermometers) In both cases what you have is pure hydro - carbons, a carbon atomwith hydrogen atoms attached to it In the case of gasoline there is CH1, cH7, CH11 When in a combustion engine the gasoline is sprayed into the pistonafter being mixed with air and the drive of the engine compressesthe the chamber filled with the gasoline mist until it's full downstoke then the spark plug causes the Exothermic reaction... which isthe conversion of the potential energy in the gasoline mist to heatand force, with the force side of that equation shooting the pistonupward and the top of the stroke kicking what's left of thecaramelized gasoline mist out into the Emission control box If the Emulsion control box wasn't there to filter out the burntgasoline particles, any potential additives and volatile chemicalsthen the caramelized gunk hitting air would create CARBON MONOXIDEin the cooler then the heat of the engine difference CARBON MONOXIDE can also become a problem if the Emissions controlBox filter, air filters or muffler filters is worn or damaged.
The result is of a lower grade than what the original
feedstock, so it can only be used for «secondary products»
like carpets and clothing that can't be recycled a second time.
It seems
like it's not quite what we're going to get for the first flight this month: «it will not be an algae or halophyte - derived alternative, second - generation biofuels that come from renewable and sustainable
feedstocks.
So no trees may have died to make that chair, but instead of sequestering carbon
like a wood chair does, each 58 Lb chair uses up a hundred pounds of petroleum
feedstock.
We believe energy crops
like sugar cane, miscanthus and energy cane are the best
feedstocks to deliver economic, sustainable and scaleable biofuels to the world.