The journey from a single
fertilised egg cell through to a baby delivered crying into the arms of its mother is one of the most beautiful and complex processes to occur in nature.
A fertilised egg cell is the start of every human life.
Renee Reijo Pera's group at Stanford University in California filmed the development of 242 human zygotes —
fertilised egg cells that have not yet divided.
Not exact matches
A chemical pregnancy (or as my doctor nicely termed it, a threatened abortion) basically means although an
egg was
fertilised, the clump of
cells did not implant successfully, and the hormones triggered by implantation did not stop menstruation from happening.
It is where the
fertilised egg is implanted after which the
cells develop into a fetus and finally into a baby who will be born after nine months.
So in animals, before an
egg cell is
fertilised by a sperm, its centrioles are eliminated, ensuring that the resulting embryo receives only the sperm's centrioles.
«But if we make a mother centriole stay in the
cell, it doesn't get destroyed, so the
fertilised egg ends up with a tripolar spindle and can't divide.»
If a
fertilised egg has centrioles from both the
egg cell and the sperm, its genetic material will be pulled in too many directions and it will be shared unevenly between the resulting
cells, which is likely to make the embryo unviable.
Fishel's team filmed 88 newly
fertilised eggs from 69 couples in their incubator until they become blastocysts — the small ball of
cells that is implanted into the womb.
The researchers believe the hammerhead shark reproduced by a type of asexual reproduction called automictic parthenogenesis, whereby an unfertilised
egg is activated to behave as a normal
fertilised egg by a small, nearly genetically identical
cell known as the sister polar body.
«Before we get too excited about this being a new form of infertility treatment, these
cells can not as yet be made into functioning sperm, so we have no idea if they can pass «the acid test» — the ability to
fertilise female
eggs as is achieved with donor sperm in IVF treatment,» says Malcolm Alison of the London School of Medicine and Dentistry in the UK.
But these
fertilised eggs never progressed beyond the two -
cell stage, well short of the eight -
cell embryo needed for re-implantation.
In July 2006, biologist Karim Nayernia at the University of Newcastle - upon - Tyne in the UK, and colleagues reported they had successfully converted stem
cells from mouse embryos into functioning sperm that could
fertilise mouse
eggs and produce live offspring.
The result would not be a clone because of the way
cells divide during sexual reproduction — the
fertilised egg would not be genetically identical to the original iPS
cells — but it would be something very strange and dangerous.
Once
fertilised, the
egg cell becomes the embryo while the central
cell becomes the endosperm that nourishes the embryo.
These are caused when an
egg cell lacking a nucleus is
fertilised by a sperm
cell.
Those edited sperm
cells where then used to
fertilise the mother's
eggs, cementing the change into all of his nuclear DNA.
When these
cells were coaxed into forming sperm and used to
fertilise eggs, 50 to 60 per cent of the resulting pregnancies led to live births (Science, doi.org/cbxt).
They transferred a treated nucleus into a cow
egg cell, which was
fertilised and implanted into another cow.
Sex
cells — sperm and
egg cells — have 23 single chromosomes each so that a paired set is created when a sperm
fertilises an
egg.
After the
egg is
fertilised, it divides until at about 7 days it forms a ball of around 200
cells called the «blastocyst».
When the sperm then
fertilises a normal
egg, a transgenic mouse is produced with the same foreign DNA in every
cell.
Mike Gilchrist of the Crick (currently based at Mill Hill) explained: «Development is a complex process, generating a functional and correctly scaled organism from a single
cell — the
fertilised egg.
These corrosive influences result in progressive, subtle divergence of the DNA sequence in each
cell from that originally constituted in the
fertilised egg.
«Therefore there's a chance that the
egg cells have been
fertilised by sperm other than that of the intended father.»