Both experiments used detectors made of gallium, and when researchers calibrated them with radioactive sources, they counted too
few electron neutrinos, suggesting they were quickly morphing into sterile ones.
Here, too, the experiment detected a different mix of neutrinos than expected — in this case,
fewer electron neutrinos and more taus and muons.
For example, electron neutrinos born in the sun morph into other flavors before they reach Earth, so that
fewer electron neutrinos arrive than would otherwise be expected.
Not exact matches
The sun's core should produce
electron neutrinos in a range of energies, but detectors see
fewer high - energy ones than predicted.
That came a
few years later in 2001, when Arthur McDonald of the Sudbury
Neutrino Detector in Ontario, Canada, announced that
electron neutrinos could also change into the two other types.
But if they are within 100,000 times or so the mass of normal
neutrinos — or a
few thousand
electron volts — most should still exist, with some occasionally decaying into lighter
neutrinos and X-ray photons.
That means that some of the
electron -
neutrinos generated in the Sun must be turning into muon - and tau -
neutrinos, and that Super-K detected a
few of the converted particles, says Art McDonald of Queens University in Kingston, Ontario.
The latest evidence for sterile
neutrinos emerged in 2011, when a team of theorists argued that various experiments that detect
electron antineutrinos from nearby nuclear reactors saw
fewer antineutrinos than they should.