Not only do all large CBEs
fit the dictionary of puppy mill, but a study published
in the Journal of Applied Animal Behaviour Science found that «Common to virtually all CBEs are the following: large numbers of dogs; maximally efficient use of
space by housing dogs
in or near the minimum
space permitted by law; housing breeding dogs for their entire reproductive lives —
in most cases, years —
in their cages or runs; dogs rarely if ever permitted out of their primary enclosures for
exercise or play; absence of toys or other forms of enrichment; minimal to no positive human interaction or companionship; and minimal to no health care.»