However, it is not foolproof — a deeply
flawed paper can end up being published under a number of different potential circumstances: (i) the work is submitted to a journal outside the relevant field (e.g. a paper on paleoclimate submitted to a social science journal) where the reviewers are likely to be chosen from a pool of individuals lacking the expertise to properly review the paper, (ii) too few or too unqualified a set of reviewers are chosen by the editor, (iii) the reviewers or editor (or both) have agendas, and overlook
flaws that invalidate the paper's conclusions, and (iv) the journal may
process and publish so many papers that individual manuscripts occasionally do not get the
editorial attention they deserve.
Regarding curatorial and
editorial contributions, any number of innovative structures might provide great improvements over the deeply
flawed and inconsistent
process of peer review and its associated
processes that we currently rely on publishers to facilitate.