Sentences with phrase «flux reaching the surface»

Before that could happen, the atmosphere would be so full of cloud, which would prevent solar flux reaching the surface, that the maximum surface temperature would be much less than 100C.

You said» on average the flux reaching the surface is about 320W / M2 in the daytime» No.

Not exact matches

Leblanc et al. (2003), through simulations of SEP trajectories inside Mercury's magnetosphere, showed that significant SEP fluxes can reach Mercury's surface not only into the cusps footprint, as in the case of solar wind, but also at the planet's equator, elongated toward dawn.

It is found with both methods that the heat flux is maximum at the center of the nanowire, while it decreases when reaching the exterior surfaces of nanowires.

How these cyclical climate take place is still unknown, but they «are most likely caused by variations in the solar wind and associated magnetic fields that affect the flux of cosmic rays incident on cloudiness, and thereby control the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and thus the climate.»

The temperature at various locations in the atmosphere and on the surface of the earth is determined by the net flux of energy at that location (and never reaches true equilibrium because the energy input from the sun changes with night / day and the seasons).

The difference is in timing: the equilibrium between ocean surface and atmosphere is reached in 1 - 3 years half life time, but the deep oceans - atmosphere exchanges are limited in flux and need much longer periods to reach equilibrium (half life time ~ 40 years).

Precipitation: increased freshwater / iceberg flux cools ocean mixed layer, increases sea ice area, causing increase of precipitation that falls before it reaches Antarctica, adding to ocean surface freshening and reducing ice sheet growth.

That flux is dominated by insolation (solar energy reaching the surface) but the temperature is also (notionally) influenced by thermodynamic state and the magnitude of currents and circulations, both horizontal and vertical.

On average, at all stations, the sensitivity of surface shortwave flux to changes in cloud cover is about -0.5 ± 0.1 W m - 2 % -1 in winter according to both ground - based and satellite observations but in summer reaches -1.5 ± 0.3 and -1.8 ± 0.2 W m - 2 % -1 according to ground - based and satellite observations, respectively.

whereF is radiant - energy flux at the emitting surface; εis emissivity, set at 1 for a blackbody that absorbs and emits all irradiance reaching its emitting surface (by Kirchhoff's law of radiative transfer, absorption and emission are equal and simultaneous), 0 for a whitebody that reflects all irradiance, and (0, 1) for a graybody that partly absorbs / emits and partly reflects; and σ ≈ 5.67 x 10 — 8 is the Stefan - Boltzmann constant.