They are calculated as daily turbulent air - sea
fluxes over global oceans with a spatial resolution of 0.25 ° in longitude and latitude.
Bentamy A., K B. Katsaros, M. Alberto, W. M. Drennan, E. B. Forde, and H. Roquet, 2003: Satellite Estimates of wind speed and latent heat
flux over the global oceans, J. Climate, 16, 637 - 656.
Not exact matches
Over the period 1984 — 2006 the
global changes are 0.28 °C in SST and − 9.1 W m − 2 in Q, giving an effective air — sea coupling coefficient of − 32 W m − 2 °C − 1... [D] iminished
ocean cooling due to vertical
ocean processes played an important role in sustaining the observed positive trend in
global SST from 1984 through 2006, despite the decrease in
global surface heat
flux.
The remotely sensed
flux observations are then used to estimate regular
flux fields in space and time
over the
global ocean.
The variation of net
global sensible and latent heat
flux from the
ocean, being impacted greatly by ENSO, the PDO, and the AMO, plays the dominant role in the fluctuations in total energy output measured at the TOA
over short - term time frames.
Large and Yeager (2012) examined
global ocean average net heat
flux variability using the CORE data set
over 1984 — 2006 and concluded that natural variability, rather than long - term climate change, dominates heat
flux changes
over this relatively short, recent period.
If there has been only a fairly small change in
ocean heat
flux over the last century and the ratio of
global increase in surface temperature to increase in forcing is low (as the evidence certainly suggests), then it follows that climate sensitivity is low — perhaps of the order of 1.5 C.
The main improvements with respect to V2 version
flux products (Bentamy et al, 2008) are related to the improvements of the specific air humidity estimation from radiometer measurements, to the assessment of the surface winds retrieved from QuikSCAT scatterometers, and to the use of the new objective method allowing the calculation of
flux analyses
over the
global oceans.
Although we focus on a hypothesized CR - cloud connection, we note that it is difficult to separate changes in the CR
flux from accompanying variations in solar irradiance and the solar wind, for which numerous causal links to climate have also been proposed, including: the influence of UV spectral irradiance on stratospheric heating and dynamic stratosphere - troposphere links (Haigh 1996); UV irradiance and radiative damage to phytoplankton influencing the release of volatile precursor compounds which form sulphate aerosols
over ocean environments (Kniveton et al. 2003); an amplification of total solar irradiance (TSI) variations by the addition of energy in cloud - free regions enhancing tropospheric circulation features (Meehl et al. 2008; Roy & Haigh 2010); numerous solar - related influences (including solar wind inputs) to the properties of the
global electric circuit (GEC) and associated microphysical cloud changes (Tinsley 2008).