Sentences with phrase «for ice particles»

Airborne Open Polar / Imaging Nephelometer for Ice Particles in Cirrus Clouds and Aerosols Field Campaign Report.

«There were a number of theories arguing that [Martian snowfall] was essentially just gravitational settling, but the issues with that is it would take many, many hours for these ice particles to descend towards the surface.

Not exact matches

Even weather control is not as incredible as it sounds, for there is a delicate energy balance which can be changed by thin films on lakes and ice fields, or by air - borne particles.

He collected snow from mountains around the world and repeated Vali's frozen - drop experiment to look for invisible particles that spawned ice.

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.

It's well known that particles in the atmosphere such as mineral dust, pollen, heavy metals and even bacteria can act as seeds for the nucleation of ice crystals.

The team's analysis suggested the best explanation for the A ring's equinox temperatures was for the ring to be composed largely of particles roughly 3 feet (1 meter) wide made of mostly solid ice, with only a thin coating of regolith.

As it neared its end, Cassini also made close study of Saturn's rings, which are largely made up of water ice — including, for the first time, the capture of a few stray, submicron particles.

Microbial ecologist Brent Christner of Louisiana State University collected fresh snow from across the globe and tested it for biological particles that could induce ice formation.

By analyzing this data over the following six months, the researchers found that clouds that grew at the lowest temperatures required extremely high relative humidity in order for water vapor to form an ice crystal around a dust particle.

Aeolian deposition is responsible for sorting and transporting lithogenic matter (primarily sand - and clay - sized particles), containing microbial cells from the surrounding desert environments (soils, ephemeral streams, glaciers, etc.) onto the ice covers that range in thickness from 3 to 20 meters.

Urine that it vented also left a residue when tiny particles hit the craft's panels, so Lorenz suggests that future missions to Enceladus could look for signatures of life if similar residue is found in the minuscule dents left on a detector by ice grains from the plumes.

Three hours later — just long enough for some of those particles to have decayed into neutrinos — an array of sensors buried in Antarctic ice, called IceCube, saw one of the highest - energy neutrinos ever detected coming from the direction of the galactic centre (Physical Review D, doi.org/v3p).

Understanding how dust particles are affected by each type of pollution will shed light for researchers to account for all types of pollution when computing which particles may form ice crystals in cold clouds.

During ISDAC, they collected an unprecedented level of data and detailed observations on Arctic clouds and aerosols, those tiny particles in the atmosphere that act as seeds for cloud droplets and ice crystals.

In one sentence: Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory found that when miniscule particles of airborne dust, thought to be a perfect landing site for water vapor, are modified by pollution, they change cloud properties via ice crystal number concentration and ice water content.

At supersaturated atmospheric conditions, bare and coated particles had a nearly equivalent predisposition for nucleating ice.

For example, Cassini discovered that the Saturn satellite Enceladus is a mini-world of active jets — geyser - like phenomena that blast out water vapor and ice particles from the huge, salty ocean that lies beneath the moon's icy crust.

For example, the instrument was part of a massive field campaign in northern Alaska aimed to improve our understanding of the relationship between particle size and composition and their ability to form warm and ice clouds.

«We're trying to understand what the connection is between a cosmic ray going through the atmosphere and the creation of so - called aerosol seeds — the seed for a cloud droplet or an ice particle,» Kirkby explains.

The authors of this book derived for the first time the expressions for the critical radius rcr and critical energy DFcr of the ice germs with simultaneous analytical dependencies on the temperature, saturation ratio, external pressure, and finite size of the freezing particle....

Before a cloud can produce rain or snow, rain drops or ice particles must form and aerosols often serve as the nuclei for condensation.

It's a problem for the climate because the black soot particles are just the right color to absorb heat from the sun, either in the upper atmosphere or when it settles back down to earth on Arctic snow and ice (when soot - free, the polar ice caps reflect a tremendous amount of light and heat back into Space, helping keep the planet cool).

Shortly after this it was discovered that fine particles of pure silver iodide with a crystal structure similar to that of ice were effective for global weather modification.

Typical temperature - supersaturation regions can be identified for the «onset» of ice nucleation of these different particle types, but the various particle sizes and activated fractions reported in different studies have to be taken into account when comparing results obtained with different methodologies.

... Ice nucleation «onset» conditions for various mineral dust, soot, biological, organic and ammonium sulfate particles are summarized.

The dust particles act as surfaces, or kernels, for water vapor to attach to in low clouds, and for ice crystals to form around in higher clouds.

Huang, B.A. Baum, Y.X. Hu, G.W. Kattawar, M.I. Mishchenko, and Q. Fu, 2005: Scattering and absorption property database for nonspherical ice particles in the near - through far - infrared spectral region.

In high clouds, such as cirrus, cirrostratus, and deep convective clouds, there is some evidence that dust particles over wetter regions south of the desert provide surfaces for ice crystals to form around.

For example assuming that CO2 is the only important gas in the atmosphere and that water vapor and clouds composed of water droplets and ice particle do not matter.

This may suggest that for a given optical thickness, the influence of particle shape on the radiative forcing caused by a cloud composed of small ice crystals can be negligible.