Sentences with phrase «for aerosol amount»

Background aerosols with an optical thickness 0.0001 were added as a lower limit for aerosol amount at all times.

Not exact matches

Thus, when the characteristics of a water mass were favourable for reproduction of microalgae, researchers noticed that after a certain amount of time, the aerosols detected above this same water mass contained more biological particles.

Jack added: «Dust is one of the most important aerosols for both the climate and the biology of an environment, and so understanding the amount of dust produced, and the distance and direction it travels is vital to allow us to understand its effect better.»

The net effect of human - generated aerosols is more complicated and regionally variable — for example, in contrast to the local warming effect of the Asian Brown Cloud, global shipping produces large amounts of cooling reflective sulphate aerosols: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/08/990820022710.htm

GHG continue to increase in amounts in the atmosphere and as such, over time more warming inevitably continues though there may be breaks for short periods, and some cooling, as already discussed at great length regarding aerosols.

But models are not tuned to the trends in surface temperature, and as Gavin noted before (at least for the GISS model), the aerosol amounts are derived from simulations using emissions data and direct effects determined by changes in concentrations.

Please explain the (difference between the) aerosol amounts / composition / effects (especially for ocean heat content) over the NH and SH in the 2001 GCMs vs. current GCMs for the calculations of the 1945 - 1975 period and the 1975 - 200x period.

While GHGs / aerosols may be the dominant factor in the average increase, they are emitted in rather continuous increasing amounts for GHGs and increasing + constant (after 1975) amounts for sulfate aerosols.

Since we would already be over 2C of warming with current CO2 levels, except for aerosols, isn't the safe amount of fossil fuels that can be burned zero?

The researchers examined the artists» use of red and green to capture sunsets on the horizon of each painting, looking for clues to the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere.

The meeting included focus sessions on computational methods for modeling and handling large amounts of data, characterizing uncertainty, research on dust and aerosols, soils, urban systems and individual topics that are too numerous to list, from science communication and stellar astrophysics to biogeochemistry.

To do so we assume that all anthropogenic forcings except indirect aerosol forcing are given their central values, and consider a range of values for the reference (2005) indirect forcing amount.

The remainder is made up with the other minor greenhouse gases, ozone and methane for instance, and a small amount from particles in the air (dust and other «aerosols»).

The projected anomalous temperatures obtained by multiplying the climate sensitivity factor for the removal of sulfate aerosols -LRB-.02) times the net amount of reduction in SO2 aerosols between one year and another later year will give the anomalous temperature for the later year to within less than a tenth of a percent of actuality.

Now, the only way that a business recession could cause a temporary rise in average global temperatures is for the reduced industrial activity to result in a reduction in the amount of SO2 aerosol emissions into the troposphere.

This factor, when multiplied times the amount of reduction in tropospheric aerosol emissions, between 1975 and another later year will give the average global temperature for that year (per NASA's J - D land - ocean temperature index values) to within less than a tenth of a degree C. of actuality (when temporary natural variations due to El Nino's, La Nina's, and volcanic eruptions are accounted for).

This method uses consistency between direct normal and diffuse horizontal measurements together with a special regression technique for retrieval of daily time series of column mean aerosol particle size, aerosol optical depth, NO2, ozone and water vapor column amounts together with the instrument's calibration constants.

The optical thickness for Santa Maria (0.55 times that of Pinatubo) has comparable aerosol amount in both hemispheres based on ice core data.

One idea for fighting global warming is to increase the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere, scattering incoming solar energy away from the Earth's surface.

Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen, for example, is proposing to spray aerosols into the upper atmosphere to reduce the amount of sunlight hitting earth.

Average cloud variations over a century and it amounts mostly to the growing aerosol cooling effect that is accounted for in the table, or did you dismiss that too?

The control knob for climate change is the amount of dimming sulfur dioxide aerosol emissions in the atmosphere — the fewer there are, the warmer it gets — and we are reducing them as fast as we can, thanks to the EPA.

«All the clouds and aerosols, not to mention temperatures linked to oceanic oscillations, have to do is account for the small amount of heat the GCM attribute to theorized positive feedbacks...»

For the runs with different emission and «climate» years, e.g. Em2000Cl1850, emissions of aerosol and ozone precursors are set to 2000, methane amounts for chemistry are set to 2000, but ozone and methane at 2000 do not affect the radiation (i.e. radiation sees 1850 «climate» conditions for everything but aerosolFor the runs with different emission and «climate» years, e.g. Em2000Cl1850, emissions of aerosol and ozone precursors are set to 2000, methane amounts for chemistry are set to 2000, but ozone and methane at 2000 do not affect the radiation (i.e. radiation sees 1850 «climate» conditions for everything but aerosolfor chemistry are set to 2000, but ozone and methane at 2000 do not affect the radiation (i.e. radiation sees 1850 «climate» conditions for everything but aerosolfor everything but aerosols).

Bob: Aerosols and the amount of time it takes the earth to reach a new equilibrium temperature are part of the «standard» explanation for the inconsistencies you note.

In other words: Proposed strategies to alter the amount of sunlight hitting the Earth's surface by (for example) deliberately injecting millions of tons of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere pose enormous risks and uncertainties and don «t address the underlying causes of global warming or other major risks from rising concentrations of carbon dioxide, such as ocean acidification.

There, he co-authored an article for Science arguing that the warming effect caused by rising amounts of carbon - dioxide in the atmosphere would be swamped by the cooling effect caused by aerosol pollution like dust and smoke.

Natural Variability Doesn't Account for Observed Temperature Increase In it's press release announcement, NASA points out that while there are other factors than greenhouse gases contributing to the amount of warming observed — changes in the sun's irradiance, oscillations of sea surface temperatures in the tropics, changes in aerosol levels in the atmosphere — these factors are not sufficient to account for the temperature increases observed since 1880.

shows that natural VOC induced aerosols above the boundary layer are mostly of natural origin (7:1), and comprise a 2:1 up to > 10:1 amount, compared to SOx (SO2 + sulfate) aerosols in the 0.5 - 10 km free troposphere, or 10 % of the total aerosol optical depth measured by satellites... Add to that the effect below the boundary layer and the effect of other natural aerosols (natural fires, sea salt, sand dust, DMS, NOx), good for some 38 % of the < 1 micron fraction of total aerosols (according to IPCC estimates)...

But even if this is a result of the GISS model, this largely depends on the assumptions made in the model for e.g. amounts and radiative effect of aerosols, which are far from settled.

One idea for fighting global warming is to increase the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere, scattering incoming solar energy away from Earth's surface.

Similarly, if global temperatures drop for some reason (for example, a large volcanic eruption dumping massive amounts of aerosols into the air), we should expect to see water vapor concentrations decrease.

«We modelled sulphate aerosols which is sort of an analogue for when you have a large volcanic eruption - but instead of putting aerosols into your model you can also just reduce the amount of solar radiation coming into your system,» said Dr Charlton - Perez.

The authors infer the amount of total aerosol using the Advanced Very High - Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite instrument and screen for locations where dust is present (they note that other aerosols might be mixed with the dust, but neglect this overlap).

During this period, the aerosol amount varied with dust export from Africa, but also from major eruptions by two volcanoes (El Chichon in 1982 and Pinatubo in 1991), each of which left a reflective layer of sulfate droplets in the lower stratosphere for a couple of years.