Sentences with phrase «for aerosol particle»

Leon, M. Sorokin, and I. Slutsker, 2006: Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust.

The specialized instruments onboard the aircraft sampled the plume for aerosol particle size distribution and composition as well as concentrations of pollutant gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

What's more, according to Tim Bates of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), «there's a very wide range of sizes [for aerosol particles], and the effect that the particle is going to have on climate is going to be very dependent on its size, which makes it trickier.»

I haven't seen any estimates from him as to the expected residence times for the aerosol particles, except in a presentation where it seemed he was thinking they would last two seasons.

Not exact matches

For the study, Dr. Toohey and his colleagues from GEOMAR and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg have used an aerosol - climate model to track 70 different eruption scenarios while analyzing the distribution of the sulfur particlFor the study, Dr. Toohey and his colleagues from GEOMAR and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg have used an aerosol - climate model to track 70 different eruption scenarios while analyzing the distribution of the sulfur particlfor Meteorology in Hamburg have used an aerosol - climate model to track 70 different eruption scenarios while analyzing the distribution of the sulfur particles.

After allowing for humidity and rainfall, they found that «aerosol optical thickness» — a measure of the concentration of atmospheric particles — decreased by only 10 to 15 per cent compared with the same periods in 2002 to 2007 (Geophysical Research Letters, in press).

For example, the tiny particles known as aerosols are far better understood, says atmospheric scientist Piers Forster of the University of Leeds in England andalso a lead author.

Ozone, methane and aerosols (tiny pollutant particles) remain in the atmosphere for a shorter time than CO2, but can affect both the climate and air quality.

It has been known for several years that sulfuric acid contributes to the formation of tiny aerosol particles, which play an important role in the formation of clouds.

Aerosol particles influence Earth's climate through cloud formation: Clouds can only form if so - called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are present, which act as seeds for condensing water molecules.

Where the atmosphere has few aerosol particles — over the ocean, for instance — water molecules have fewer particles to condense around, so cloud droplets are large.

Such sulfuric acid aerosols are already responsible for the bulk of nacreous clouds that form in the polar stratosphere; added particles would just amp up the natural process (although it might also amp up damage the ozone layer).

And the way those droplets form - with scarce or plentiful aerosol particles - could have serious implications for weather and climate change.

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

Indeed, the reduction in the emission of precursors to polluting particles (sulphur dioxide) would diminish the concealing effects of Chinese aerosols, and would speed up warming, unless this effect were to be compensated elsewhere, for instance by significantly reducing long - life greenhouse gas emissions and «black carbon.»

Thus, when the characteristics of a water mass were favourable for reproduction of microalgae, researchers noticed that after a certain amount of time, the aerosols detected above this same water mass contained more biological particles.

Plants release gases that, after atmospheric oxidation, tend to stick to aerosol particles, growing them into the larger - sized particles that reflect sunlight and also serve as the basis for cloud droplets.

Atmospheric aerosols (solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere) are difficult to examine for various reasons.

A newly developed aerosol deposition chamber also allowed for the particles to be realistically deposited on cell cultures from healthy and diseased airways.

Sophisticated microscopic instruments were used to look for iron - containing nanoscale particles — specifically locating them from thousands of aerosol particles.

The results show for the first time for a number of natural compounds, which together account for around 70 per cent of the biological hydrocarbon emissions, how much each compound produces low - volatility products and how they can possibly affect the climate via producing aerosol particles.

IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions.

Mikhailov, E., Vlasenko, S., Martin, S.T., Koop, T., and Pöschl, U.: Amorphous and crystalline aerosol particles interacting with water vapour: conceptual framework and experimental evidence for restructuring, phase transitions and kinetic limitations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 9491 - 9522, 2009.

, Kilcoyne, A.L.D., Moffet, R.C., Weigand, M., Martin, S.T., Pöschl, U., and Andreae, M.O.: Biogenic potassium salt particles as seeds for secondary organic aerosol in the Amazon, Science, 337, 1075 - 1078, 2012.

During ISDAC, they collected an unprecedented level of data and detailed observations on Arctic clouds and aerosols, those tiny particles in the atmosphere that act as seeds for cloud droplets and ice crystals.

Possible reasons revolve around tiny natural and manmade particles called aerosols that serve as seeds for cloud droplets to form around.

Global climate models are essential tools for understanding climate change and for developing policy regarding future emissions of greenhouse gases, primary aerosol particles, and aerosol precursor gases.

One of those complex interactions is aerosols, the microscopic particles of dust, soot, and chemicals dispersed in the atmosphere that scatter or absorb sunlight and act as seeds for cloud formation.

Because much of Earth's land mass is covered by plants, there is a large source of these biogenic aerosol particles that need to be accounted for in climate change prediction.

ERICA, a worldwide unique aerosol particle mass spectrometer was designed and constructed in Mainz specifically for these research flights aboard the M - 55 Geophysika.

These have garnered more than 600 citations advancing our understanding of what the research field calls secondary organic aerosols — or SOA for short — and how the carbon - containing aerosol particles mix in the atmosphere.

In the middle of the last century, for example, soot and other particles spewing from factory smokestacks, collectively known as aerosols — cooled the planet for a couple of decades.

The paper describes and evaluates CAM5, the advanced aerosol module for the Community Earth System Model, which provides a clearer picture of these atmospheric particles.

Press release (emphases added):... scientists have succeeded for the first time in directly observing that the electrically charged particles coming from space and hitting the atmosphere at high speed contribute to creating the aerosols that are the prerequisites for cloud formation.

As for Pinatubo aerosols, the residence time for such particles is around 3 to 4 years before they are advected / settle out the stratosphere — there are effectively none left.

After each of these eruptions we have noted the presence of (generally) submicrometer - sized ash particles and aerosol droplets on collectors, although we can not always be certain of the identity of the volcano responsible for the material.

We also know quite accurately the spectral absorption characteristics for the absorbing gases, and how cloud and aerosol particles interact with thermal radiation.

«We're trying to understand what the connection is between a cosmic ray going through the atmosphere and the creation of so - called aerosol seeds — the seed for a cloud droplet or an ice particle,» Kirkby explains.

I write it off as a very real effect that is not well characterized by the models, probably because these models don't model with enough accuracy the effect of the additional aerosol particles on cloud production to properly account for it's full effect on temperature.

The remainder is made up with the other minor greenhouse gases, ozone and methane for instance, and a small amount from particles in the air (dust and other «aerosols»).

But the team found that the smoke and cloud layers are closer together than expected so that aerosol particles from the smoke act as nuclei for cloud droplets to form around.

nevertheless, both states can coexist for a wide range of environmental conditions.5, 7 Aerosols, liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, serve as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and therefore affect the concentration of activated cloud droplets.8 Changes in droplet concentration affect key cloud properties such as the time it takes for the onset of significant collision and coalescence between droplets, a process critical for rain formation.»

For the first time, researchers have developed a comprehensive approach to look at aerosols — those fine particles found in pollution — and their effect on clouds and climate.

Aerosols, liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere, serve as Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and therefore affect the concentration of activated cloud droplets.8 Changes in droplet concentration affect key cloud properties such as the time it takes for the onset of significant collision and coalescence between droplets, a process critical for rain formation.»

It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ∼ 102 — 103 cm − 3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1 — 10 mg / m2 with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10 %.

Several proposals call for injecting microscopic particles, called aerosols, into the stratosphere, the quiet region of the atmosphere above the troposphere about 18 kilometers up from the equator.

«The results also show that ionisation of the atmosphere by cosmic rays accounts for nearly one - third of all particles formed, although small changes in cosmic rays over the solar cycle do not affect aerosols enough to influence today's polluted climate significantly.»

This method uses consistency between direct normal and diffuse horizontal measurements together with a special regression technique for retrieval of daily time series of column mean aerosol particle size, aerosol optical depth, NO2, ozone and water vapor column amounts together with the instrument's calibration constants.

Airborne Open Polar / Imaging Nephelometer for Ice Particles in Cirrus Clouds and Aerosols Field Campaign Report.

These NCA emissions directly affect particle concentrations and human exposure to nanosized aerosol in urban areas, and potentially may act as nanosized condensation nuclei for the condensation of atmospheric low - volatile organic compounds.