Sentences with phrase «for changes in solar radiation»

Not exact matches

For instance, UV radiation amounts to a mere 7 % of solar energy, but its variation produces changes in the stratosphere near the Equator, all the way to the polar regions, which govern climate.

Such electrons in Earth's outer radiation belt can exhibit pronounced increases in intensity, in response to activity on the sun, and changes in the solar wind — but the dominant physical mechanisms responsible for such radiation belt electron acceleration has remained unresolved for decades.

The effective temperature Te will remain fixed, since we are not allowing changes in absorbed solar radiation (for simplicity).

First, for changing just CO2 forcing (or CH4, etc, or for a non-GHE forcing, such as a change in incident solar radiation, volcanic aerosols, etc.), there will be other GHE radiative «forcings» (feedbacks, though in the context of measuring their radiative effect, they can be described as having radiative forcings of x W / m2 per change in surface T), such as water vapor feedback, LW cloud feedback, and also, because GHE depends on the vertical temperature distribution, the lapse rate feedback (this generally refers to the tropospheric lapse rate, though changes in the position of the tropopause and changes in the stratospheric temperature could also be considered lapse - rate feedbacks for forcing at TOA; forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment takes some of that into account; sensitivity to forcing at the tropopause with stratospheric adjustment will generally be different from sensitivity to forcing without stratospheric adjustment and both will generally be different from forcing at TOA before stratospheric adjustment; forcing at TOA after stratospehric adjustment is identical to forcing at the tropopause after stratospheric adjustment).

Sunspot observations (going back to the 17th century), as well as data from isotopes generated by cosmic radiation, provide evidence for longer - term changes in solar activity.

This can be affected by warming temperatures, but also by changes in snowfall, increases in solar radiation absorption due to a decrease in cloud cover, and increases in the water vapor content of air near the earth's surface.2, 14,15,16,17 In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.in snowfall, increases in solar radiation absorption due to a decrease in cloud cover, and increases in the water vapor content of air near the earth's surface.2, 14,15,16,17 In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.in solar radiation absorption due to a decrease in cloud cover, and increases in the water vapor content of air near the earth's surface.2, 14,15,16,17 In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.in cloud cover, and increases in the water vapor content of air near the earth's surface.2, 14,15,16,17 In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.in the water vapor content of air near the earth's surface.2, 14,15,16,17 In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.In Cordillera Blanca, Peru, for example, one study of glacier retreat between 1930 and 1950 linked the retreat to a decline in cloud cover and precipitation.in cloud cover and precipitation.18

In a category like agriculture, the experts looked, for example, at how soybean yields had varied with temperature in the past, and what a physiological simulation for wheat said about the response to changes in solar radiation and soil moisturIn a category like agriculture, the experts looked, for example, at how soybean yields had varied with temperature in the past, and what a physiological simulation for wheat said about the response to changes in solar radiation and soil moisturin the past, and what a physiological simulation for wheat said about the response to changes in solar radiation and soil moisturin solar radiation and soil moisture.

I have sought the best empirical evidence to show how changes in incoming solar radiation, accounted for by intrinsic solar magnetic modulation of the irradiance output as well as planetary modulation of the seasonal distribution of sunlight, affects the thermal properties of land and sea, including temperatures.

The cryosphere derives its importance to the climate system from a variety of effects, including its high reflectivity (albedo) for solar radiation, its low thermal conductivity, its large thermal inertia, its potential for affecting ocean circulation (through exchange of freshwater and heat) and atmospheric circulation (through topographic changes), its large potential for affecting sea level (through growth and melt of land ice), and its potential for affecting greenhouse gases (through changes in permafrost)(Chapter 4).

Now if Galactic radiation, solar output, and Cloud formations due to changes in those «flows» can be determined to force change in Ocean Surface temps the drive train for our climate may be found...

Wouldn't Occam's razor suggest that changes in solar radiation might be the best explanation for a common trend on all three planets?

This measure is available for the US from the BEST data set... The reconfirmation now of a strong sun - temperature relation based specifically upon the daytime temperature maxima adds strong and independent scientific weight to the reality of the sun - temperature connection... This suggests strongly that changes in solar radiation drive temperature variations on at least a hemispheric scale... Close correlations like these simply do not exist for temperature and changing atmospheric CO2 concentration.»

A study on 1981 to 1995 weather data (Pretlove and Oreszczyn, 1998) indicated that temperature and solar radiation in the London area (UK) had changed significantly over the period, and climatic data used for energy design calculations could lead to 17 % inaccuracies in building energy - use estimates.

The Americans — who published their findings on Sunday in Nature Climate Change — ran two different climate models, CAM3.5 and HadCM3L — the one devised by the US National Center for Atmospheric Research and the other by the UK Met Office's Hadley Centre and simulated a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, temperature - compensating stratospheric solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering — and compared precipitation changes.

We know the Asian aerosols have gone up, but for the Earth as a whole, there is very, very little change in the reflected solar radiation (just a blip from Mount Pinatubo in 1991 - 1993).

We checked this assumption by comparing TEC obtained at three selected sites in Europe (cf. http://swaciweb.dlr.de) with the solar activity dynamics represented by the radio flux index F10.7 which is also a proxy for EUV radiation changes (see Fig. 6).

Measures to reduce the heating and cooling needs of the passengers, for example by changing window glass to reflect incoming solar radiation, are included in the group of measures.

The change of the heat content of the globe (mainly in the oceans) is dH / dt = S (1 - a)-- E, where S is the solar radiation, a the albedo, E the global infrared emission; such a relation is likely and there are historical series for H (figure 13 - A), E (figure 14 - A) for S and a; whether global averaging makes sense is debatable.

Tackling climate change by reducing the solar radiation reaching our planet using climate engineering, known also as geoengineering, could result in undesirable effects for the Earth and humankind.

The NSRDB accounts for any recent climate changes and provides more accurate values of solar radiation due to a better model for estimating values (more than 90 percent of the solar radiation data in both data bases are modeled), more measured data including direct normal radiation, improved instrument calibration methods, and rigorous procedures for assessing quality of data.

A conservative estimate is that a 0.1 percent change in solar total radiation will bring about a temperature response of 0.06 to 0.2 °C, providing the change persists long enough for the climate system to adjust.

As for direct solar radiation at the surface, I could update the diagrams to show that the the remaining energy is absorbed by the atmosphere instead, but it doesn't change the argument in any significant fashion.

Looking ahead, were solar changes limited to what has been measured in the last fifteen years, future changes in the Sun's total radiation would have only a negligible effect on the temperature increases of 1 to 3 °C that are now projected in IPCC models for the end of the next century.

16 Natural Climate Changes Volcanic Activity Volcanic dust can remain suspended in the atmosphere for several years, reflecting incoming solar radiation and lower global temperatures.

The tilt of the Earth on its axis also favored increased solar radiation, and helped create seasonal extremes and prime conditions for fire in some parts of the world, increased monsoons (defined) in other regions, and sweeping changes in the biological makeup of the landscape.

In the thermosphere, there are relatively few (compared to the troposphere) other sources of climate change; our results largely account for the effects of the major source, solar EUV radiation.

Since it takes several hundred years for the deep ocean water to cycle up to the top, where it can be warmed up and lose CO2, it makes sense to suppose that if a warming event is initiated by something else (like changes in the amount and spatial distribution of incoming solar radiation,) the concomitant rise in atmospheric CO2 (which would enhance the initial warming) might lag behind by several hundred years.

For the stratospheric sulphate idea, these fall into two classes - changes to the physical climate as a function of the changes in heating profiles in solar and longwave radiation, and chemical and ecological effects from the addition of so much sulphur to the system.

For example, the global average effect of any change in albedo from using solar power would be rather small in comparison to mitigation of climate change if that solar power is used (to displace fossil fuels) for a sufficient time period (example: if a 10 % efficient PV panel with zero albedo (reflectivity for solar (SW) radiation) covered ground with an albedo of 25 — 30 %, the ratio of total increased heating to electricity generation would be similar to that of many fuel - combusting or fission - powered power plants (setting aside inverter and grid efficiency, etc., but still it would be similaFor example, the global average effect of any change in albedo from using solar power would be rather small in comparison to mitigation of climate change if that solar power is used (to displace fossil fuels) for a sufficient time period (example: if a 10 % efficient PV panel with zero albedo (reflectivity for solar (SW) radiation) covered ground with an albedo of 25 — 30 %, the ratio of total increased heating to electricity generation would be similar to that of many fuel - combusting or fission - powered power plants (setting aside inverter and grid efficiency, etc., but still it would be similafor a sufficient time period (example: if a 10 % efficient PV panel with zero albedo (reflectivity for solar (SW) radiation) covered ground with an albedo of 25 — 30 %, the ratio of total increased heating to electricity generation would be similar to that of many fuel - combusting or fission - powered power plants (setting aside inverter and grid efficiency, etc., but still it would be similafor solar (SW) radiation) covered ground with an albedo of 25 — 30 %, the ratio of total increased heating to electricity generation would be similar to that of many fuel - combusting or fission - powered power plants (setting aside inverter and grid efficiency, etc., but still it would be similar).

Regional climatic changes played a role as well, which was particularly relevant in Amazon rainforests, which accounted for 42 % of the global NPP increase, owing mainly to decreased cloud cover and the resulting increase in solar radiation (note that it is basically impossible to determine how much of this increase in NPP is a result of recent global climate change vs. natural climate variability, although both are likely to have played a role).

In 1905 there was not even an approximate knowledge of the intensity of solar radiation, in free space as it exists outside the earth's atmosphere; and no instruments existed for detecting or measuring solar changes with a sufficient degree of accuracIn 1905 there was not even an approximate knowledge of the intensity of solar radiation, in free space as it exists outside the earth's atmosphere; and no instruments existed for detecting or measuring solar changes with a sufficient degree of accuracin free space as it exists outside the earth's atmosphere; and no instruments existed for detecting or measuring solar changes with a sufficient degree of accuracy.

For the stratospheric sulphate idea, these fall into two classes — changes to the physical climate as a function of the changes in heating profiles in solar and longwave radiation, and chemical and ecological effects from the addition of so much sulphur to the system.